Degree Course: Medicine and Surgery Syllabus for A.Y. 2022/2023

General Chemistry:

- INTRODUCTION REMARKS. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature.
Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds.

- MATTER STATES. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law.

- LIQUIDS. Vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids.

- THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic potentials; enthalpy, entropy. Free energy: relationship with enthalpy and entropy.

- SOLUTIONS. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult’s law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law.

- CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Expression of equilibrium constant. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium.

- SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acids and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry, Lewis definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers.

- HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion.

- KINETICS. Introduction to kinetics, activated complex theory, activation energy. Kinetic equations and reaction order. Relationship between kinetic constants and equilibrium constants.

- ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Redox reactions. Oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balance. Redox standard potentials. Nerst equation. Electromotive force potential of a cell. Half-cells. Chemical and concentration cells.

Introductory Biochemistry:

- HYBRIDIZATION OF THE CARBON ATOM - sp3, sp2, sp hybridizations and their geometry.

- HYDROCARBONS - Saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes and alkynes. Nomenclature. Conformational isomerism and geometric isomerism (cis-trans).

- AROMATIC COMPOUNDS - Structure of benzene: the resonance model. Nomenclature of aromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (outline).

- ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, THIOLS - Nomenclature. Acidity and basicity of alcohols and phenols. Thiols, analogues of alcohols and phenols.

- ALDEHYDES AND KETONES - Nomenclature. Preparations of aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl group. The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl groups; formation of semiacetals and acetals. The aldol condensation (outline).

- CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES - Nomenclature of acids. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: esters, amides. Mechanism of esterification; triesters of glycerol.

- AMINES AND OTHER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS - Classification of amines and nomenclature. Basicity of amines. Comparison between the basicity of amines and amides.

- STEREOISOMERY - Chirality. Enantiomers. Polarized light; the polarimeter (hints). Diastereomers.

- CARBOHYDRATES - Definitions and classification. The monosaccharides. Chirality in monosaccharides; Fischer's projections. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Anomers. Phenomenon of mutarotation. Pyranosic and furanotic structures.

- AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS - Properties of amino acids. Peptide bond

- LIPIDS: Structure, nomenclature, properties

- NITROGEN BASES AND NUCLEOTIDES - Structure, nomenclature.

CHEMISTRY 
Hein M, Arena S, Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc.
or
Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
or
Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition

BIOCHEMISTRY
Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW Principles of Biochemistry (international student version) IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.

General Chemistry:

- INTRODUCTION REMARKS. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature.
Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds.

- MATTER STATES. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law.

- LIQUIDS. Vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids.

- THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic potentials; enthalpy, entropy. Free energy: relationship with enthalpy and entropy.

- SOLUTIONS. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult’s law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law.

- CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Expression of equilibrium constant. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium.

- SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acids and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry, Lewis definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers.

- HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion.

- KINETICS. Introduction to kinetics, activated complex theory, activation energy. Kinetic equations and reaction order. Relationship between kinetic constants and equilibrium constants.

- ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Redox reactions. Oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balance. Redox standard potentials. Nerst equation. Electromotive force potential of a cell. Half-cells. Chemical and concentration cells.

Introductory Biochemistry:

- HYBRIDIZATION OF THE CARBON ATOM - sp3, sp2, sp hybridizations and their geometry.

- HYDROCARBONS - Saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes and alkynes. Nomenclature. Conformational isomerism and geometric isomerism (cis-trans).

- AROMATIC COMPOUNDS - Structure of benzene: the resonance model. Nomenclature of aromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (outline).

- ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, THIOLS - Nomenclature. Acidity and basicity of alcohols and phenols. Thiols, analogues of alcohols and phenols.

- ALDEHYDES AND KETONES - Nomenclature. Preparations of aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl group. The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl groups; formation of semiacetals and acetals. The aldol condensation (outline).

- CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES - Nomenclature of acids. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: esters, amides. Mechanism of esterification; triesters of glycerol.

- AMINES AND OTHER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS - Classification of amines and nomenclature. Basicity of amines. Comparison between the basicity of amines and amides.

- STEREOISOMERY - Chirality. Enantiomers. Polarized light; the polarimeter (hints). Diastereomers.

- CARBOHYDRATES - Definitions and classification. The monosaccharides. Chirality in monosaccharides; Fischer's projections. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Anomers. Phenomenon of mutarotation. Pyranosic and furanotic structures.

- AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS - Properties of amino acids. Peptide bond

- LIPIDS: Structure, nomenclature, properties

- NITROGEN BASES AND NUCLEOTIDES - Structure, nomenclature.

CHEMISTRY
Hein M, Arena S, Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc.
or
Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
or
Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition

BIOCHEMISTRY
Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW Principles of Biochemistry (international student version) IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.

General Chemistry:

- INTRODUCTION REMARKS. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature.
Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds.

- MATTER STATES. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law.

- LIQUIDS. Vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids.

- THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic potentials; enthalpy, entropy. Free energy: relationship with enthalpy and entropy.

- SOLUTIONS. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult’s law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law.

- CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Expression of equilibrium constant. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium.

- SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acids and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry, Lewis definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers.

- HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion.

- KINETICS. Introduction to kinetics, activated complex theory, activation energy. Kinetic equations and reaction order. Relationship between kinetic constants and equilibrium constants.

- ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Redox reactions. Oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balance. Redox standard potentials. Nerst equation. Electromotive force potential of a cell. Half-cells. Chemical and concentration cells.

Introductory Biochemistry:

- HYBRIDIZATION OF THE CARBON ATOM - sp3, sp2, sp hybridizations and their geometry.

- HYDROCARBONS - Saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes and alkynes. Nomenclature. Conformational isomerism and geometric isomerism (cis-trans).

- AROMATIC COMPOUNDS - Structure of benzene: the resonance model. Nomenclature of aromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (outline).

- ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, THIOLS - Nomenclature. Acidity and basicity of alcohols and phenols. Thiols, analogues of alcohols and phenols.

- ALDEHYDES AND KETONES - Nomenclature. Preparations of aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl group. The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl groups; formation of semiacetals and acetals. The aldol condensation (outline).

- CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES - Nomenclature of acids. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: esters, amides. Mechanism of esterification; triesters of glycerol.

- AMINES AND OTHER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS - Classification of amines and nomenclature. Basicity of amines. Comparison between the basicity of amines and amides.

- STEREOISOMERY - Chirality. Enantiomers. Polarized light; the polarimeter (hints). Diastereomers.

- CARBOHYDRATES - Definitions and classification. The monosaccharides. Chirality in monosaccharides; Fischer's projections. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Anomers. Phenomenon of mutarotation. Pyranosic and furanotic structures.

- AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS - Properties of amino acids. Peptide bond

- LIPIDS: Structure, nomenclature, properties

- NITROGEN BASES AND NUCLEOTIDES - Structure, nomenclature.

CHEMISTRY
Hein M, Arena S, Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc.
or
Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
or
Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition

BIOCHEMISTRY
Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW Principles of Biochemistry (international student version) IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.

General Chemistry:

- INTRODUCTION REMARKS. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature.
Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds.

- MATTER STATES. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law.

- LIQUIDS. Vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids.

- THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic potentials; enthalpy, entropy. Free energy: relationship with enthalpy and entropy.

- SOLUTIONS. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult’s law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law.

- CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Expression of equilibrium constant. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium.

- SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acids and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry, Lewis definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers.

- HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion.

- KINETICS. Introduction to kinetics, activated complex theory, activation energy. Kinetic equations and reaction order. Relationship between kinetic constants and equilibrium constants.

- ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Redox reactions. Oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balance. Redox standard potentials. Nerst equation. Electromotive force potential of a cell. Half-cells. Chemical and concentration cells.

Introductory Biochemistry:

- HYBRIDIZATION OF THE CARBON ATOM - sp3, sp2, sp hybridizations and their geometry.

- HYDROCARBONS - Saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes and alkynes. Nomenclature. Conformational isomerism and geometric isomerism (cis-trans).

- AROMATIC COMPOUNDS - Structure of benzene: the resonance model. Nomenclature of aromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (outline).

- ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, THIOLS - Nomenclature. Acidity and basicity of alcohols and phenols. Thiols, analogues of alcohols and phenols.

- ALDEHYDES AND KETONES - Nomenclature. Preparations of aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl group. The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl groups; formation of semiacetals and acetals. The aldol condensation (outline).

- CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES - Nomenclature of acids. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: esters, amides. Mechanism of esterification; triesters of glycerol.

- AMINES AND OTHER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS - Classification of amines and nomenclature. Basicity of amines. Comparison between the basicity of amines and amides.

- STEREOISOMERY - Chirality. Enantiomers. Polarized light; the polarimeter (hints). Diastereomers.

- CARBOHYDRATES - Definitions and classification. The monosaccharides. Chirality in monosaccharides; Fischer's projections. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Anomers. Phenomenon of mutarotation. Pyranosic and furanotic structures.

- AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS - Properties of amino acids. Peptide bond

- LIPIDS: Structure, nomenclature, properties

- NITROGEN BASES AND NUCLEOTIDES - Structure, nomenclature.

CHEMISTRY
Hein M, Arena S, Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc.
or
Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight
or
Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition

BIOCHEMISTRY
Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW Principles of Biochemistry (international student version) IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.

- Characteristics of living organisms. Cell theory, the cell as a structural and functional unit of life.

- Chemistry of life: Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (structure, shape and function).

- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: classification and main structural differences. Organization of the eukaryotic cell. Cellular organelles (structure and function). Notes on viruses as endocellular parasites.

- Plasma membrane. The fluid-mosaic model of the cell plasma membrane. Main functions of membrane proteins and their topological organization in the lipid bilayer. Modes of ions and small molecules transport across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). The basis of membrane excitability.

- Compartmentalization in the eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm and the system of endocellular membranes: structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.
Notes on peroxisomes.

- Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts as generators of energy. Notes on glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. The endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

- Cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility. The cytoskeleton. Structure and function of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Molecular motors. Cellular structures that determine the shape, polarity, and motility of the cell. Interactions between cells and their environment. The molecules adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix.

- Nuclear compartment. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, organization and different levels of chromatin condensation, chromosomes.

- Molecular bases of hereditary information. DNA structure and function. Identification of DNA as genetic material. Molecular mechanism of DNA duplication. Telomeres and Telomerase.
Mechanisms of DNA repair, correlations with human pathologies.

- RNA structure and function. Main types of RNA present in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. RNA Transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, with particular attention to the
maturation of the messenger RNAs. Role of non-coding RNAs.

- Protein synthesis. Ribosomes: structure and biological role, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Properties of the genetic code, general features of translation and biological implications.

- Post-synthetic fate of proteins. Post-translational modifications and fate of proteins after synthesis. Signals and mechanisms of protein sorting to organelles and secretory pathway.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the protein sorting (signal and stop sequences). Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus role in protein glycosylation.

- Vesicle trafficking. Modes of protein transport between different cellular compartments. Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis); autophagy; Constitutive
and regulated exocytosis.

- Control of gene expression. Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Control at the transcriptional level in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Role of chromatin condensation state and degree of DNA methylation (epigenetic modifications). Main strategies of post-transcriptional and post-translational control.

- Mitosis and Meiosis. Principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis, differences between the two processes. Genetic consequences of meiosis, the importance of meiosis as a source of genetic variability. Molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Concept of haploidy and diploidy. Homologous chromosomes. Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction.

- Cellular communication and signal transduction. Communication between cells in multicellular organisms. General principles of cell signaling, chemical signals and receptor proteins.
Mechanisms of signal transduction and main signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, Enzyme-coupled receptors. Second messengers. Protein kinases and molecular switches.

- Cell Cycle, mechanisms of cell death. Cell cycle, phases of the cycle and control of progression along the cell cycle as a result of the interaction between intracellular mechanisms and extracellular signals. The role of cyclin-dependent kinases. Basic knowledge of the processes of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.

- Molecular basis of cancer. Molecular mechanisms of tumor transformation. Characteristics of the neoplastic cell. Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying tumors.

- Mobile genetic elements and genome evolution. The nature of transposable elements. Mechanisms of transposition and genomic evolution.

• Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., WW Norton & Co.
• “Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
• “Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

Characteristics of living organisms. Cell theory, the cell as a structural and functional unit of life.
Chemistry of life: Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (structure, shape and function).
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: classification and main structural differences. Organization of the eukaryotic cell. Cellular organelles (structure and function). Notes on viruses as endocellular parasites.
Plasma membrane. The fluid-mosaic model of the cell plasma membrane. Main functions of membrane proteins and their topological organization in the lipid bilayer. Modes of ions and small molecules transport across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). The basis of membrane excitability.
Compartmentalization in the eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm and the system of endocellular membranes: structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes. Notes on peroxisomes.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts as generators of energy. Notes on glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. The endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility. The cytoskeleton. Structure and function of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Molecular motors. Cellular structures that determine the shape, polarity, and motility of the cell. Interactions between cells and their environment. The molecules adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix.
Nuclear compartment. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, organization and different levels of chromatin condensation, chromosomes.
Molecular bases of hereditary information. DNA structure and function. Identification of DNA as genetic material. Molecular mechanism of DNA duplication. Telomeres and Telomerase. Mechanisms of DNA repair, correlations with human pathologies.
RNA structure and function. Main types of RNA present in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
RNA Transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, with particular attention to the maturation of the messenger RNAs. Role of non-coding RNAs.
Protein synthesis. Ribosomes: structure and biological role, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Properties of the genetic code, general features of translation and biological implications.
Post-synthetic fate of proteins. Post-translational modifications and fate of proteins after synthesis. Signals and mechanisms of protein sorting to organelles and secretory pathway.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the protein sorting (signal and stop sequences). Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus role in protein glycosylation.
Vesicle trafficking. Modes of protein transport between different cellular compartments. Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis); autophagy; Constitutive and regulated exocytosis.




Control of gene expression. Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code.
Control at the transcriptional level in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Role of chromatin condensation state and degree of DNA methylation (epigenetic modifications). Main strategies of post-transcriptional and post-translational control.
Mitosis and Meiosis. Principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis, differences between the two processes. Genetic consequences of meiosis, the importance of meiosis as a source of genetic variability. Molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Concept of haploidy and diploidy. Homologous chromosomes. Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction.
Cellular communication and signal transduction. Communication between cells in multicellular organisms. General principles of cell signaling, chemical signals and receptor proteins.
Mechanisms of signal transduction and main signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, Enzyme-coupled receptors. Second messengers. Protein kinases and molecular switches.
Cell Cycle, mechanisms of cell death. Cell cycle, phases of the cycle and control of progression along the cell cycle as a result of the interaction between intracellular mechanisms and extracellular signals. The role of cyclin-dependent kinases.
Basic knowledge of the processes of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.
Molecular basis of cancer. Molecular mechanisms of tumor transformation. Characteristics
of the neoplastic cell. Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying tumors.

“Molecular Biology of the Cell”, Bruce Alberts et al., VII ed., WW Norton & Co.
“Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
“Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

- Characteristics of living organisms. Cell theory, the cell as a structural and functional unit of life.

- Chemistry of life: Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (structure, shape and function).

- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: classification and main structural differences. Organization of the eukaryotic cell. Cellular organelles (structure and function). Notes on viruses as endocellular parasites.

- Plasma membrane. The fluid-mosaic model of the cell plasma membrane. Main functions of membrane proteins and their topological organization in the lipid bilayer. Modes of ions and small molecules transport across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). The basis of membrane excitability.

- Compartmentalization in the eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm and the system of endocellular membranes: structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.
Notes on peroxisomes.

- Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts as generators of energy. Notes on glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. The endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

- Cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility. The cytoskeleton. Structure and function of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Molecular motors. Cellular structures that determine the shape, polarity, and motility of the cell. Interactions between cells and their environment. The molecules adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix.

- Nuclear compartment. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, organization and different levels of chromatin condensation, chromosomes.

- Molecular bases of hereditary information. DNA structure and function. Identification of DNA as genetic material. Molecular mechanism of DNA duplication. Telomeres and Telomerase.
Mechanisms of DNA repair, correlations with human pathologies.

- RNA structure and function. Main types of RNA present in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. RNA Transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, with particular attention to the
maturation of the messenger RNAs. Role of non-coding RNAs.

- Protein synthesis. Ribosomes: structure and biological role, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Properties of the genetic code, general features of translation and biological implications.

- Post-synthetic fate of proteins. Post-translational modifications and fate of proteins after synthesis. Signals and mechanisms of protein sorting to organelles and secretory pathway.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the protein sorting (signal and stop sequences). Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus role in protein glycosylation.

- Vesicle trafficking. Modes of protein transport between different cellular compartments. Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis); autophagy; Constitutive
and regulated exocytosis.

- Control of gene expression. Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Control at the transcriptional level in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Role of chromatin condensation state and degree of DNA methylation (epigenetic modifications). Main strategies of post-transcriptional and post-translational control.

- Mitosis and Meiosis. Principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis, differences between the two processes. Genetic consequences of meiosis, the importance of meiosis as a source of genetic variability. Molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Concept of haploidy and diploidy. Homologous chromosomes. Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction.

- Cellular communication and signal transduction. Communication between cells in multicellular organisms. General principles of cell signaling, chemical signals and receptor proteins.
Mechanisms of signal transduction and main signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, Enzyme-coupled receptors. Second messengers. Protein kinases and molecular switches.

- Cell Cycle, mechanisms of cell death. Cell cycle, phases of the cycle and control of progression along the cell cycle as a result of the interaction between intracellular mechanisms and extracellular signals. The role of cyclin-dependent kinases. Basic knowledge of the processes of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.

- Molecular basis of cancer. Molecular mechanisms of tumor transformation. Characteristics of the neoplastic cell. Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying tumors.

- Mobile genetic elements and genome evolution. The nature of transposable elements. Mechanisms of transposition and genomic evolution.

• Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., WW Norton & Co.
• “Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
• “Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

- Characteristics of living organisms. Cell theory, the cell as a structural and functional unit of life.

- Chemistry of life: Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (structure, shape and function).

- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: classification and main structural differences. Organization of the eukaryotic cell. Cellular organelles (structure and function). Notes on viruses as endocellular parasites.

- Plasma membrane. The fluid-mosaic model of the cell plasma membrane. Main functions of membrane proteins and their topological organization in the lipid bilayer. Modes of ions and small molecules transport across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). The basis of membrane excitability.

- Compartmentalization in the eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm and the system of endocellular membranes: structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.
Notes on peroxisomes.

- Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts as generators of energy. Notes on glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. The endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

- Cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility. The cytoskeleton. Structure and function of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Molecular motors. Cellular structures that determine the shape, polarity, and motility of the cell. Interactions between cells and their environment. The molecules adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix.

- Nuclear compartment. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, organization and different levels of chromatin condensation, chromosomes.

- Molecular bases of hereditary information. DNA structure and function. Identification of DNA as genetic material. Molecular mechanism of DNA duplication. Telomeres and Telomerase.
Mechanisms of DNA repair, correlations with human pathologies.

- RNA structure and function. Main types of RNA present in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. RNA Transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, with particular attention to the
maturation of the messenger RNAs. Role of non-coding RNAs.

- Protein synthesis. Ribosomes: structure and biological role, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Properties of the genetic code, general features of translation and biological implications.

- Post-synthetic fate of proteins. Post-translational modifications and fate of proteins after synthesis. Signals and mechanisms of protein sorting to organelles and secretory pathway.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the protein sorting (signal and stop sequences). Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus role in protein glycosylation.

- Vesicle trafficking. Modes of protein transport between different cellular compartments. Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis); autophagy; Constitutive
and regulated exocytosis.

- Control of gene expression. Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Control at the transcriptional level in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Role of chromatin condensation state and degree of DNA methylation (epigenetic modifications). Main strategies of post-transcriptional and post-translational control.

- Mitosis and Meiosis. Principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis, differences between the two processes. Genetic consequences of meiosis, the importance of meiosis as a source of genetic variability. Molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Concept of haploidy and diploidy. Homologous chromosomes. Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction.

- Cellular communication and signal transduction. Communication between cells in multicellular organisms. General principles of cell signaling, chemical signals and receptor proteins.
Mechanisms of signal transduction and main signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, Enzyme-coupled receptors. Second messengers. Protein kinases and molecular switches.

- Cell Cycle, mechanisms of cell death. Cell cycle, phases of the cycle and control of progression along the cell cycle as a result of the interaction between intracellular mechanisms and extracellular signals. The role of cyclin-dependent kinases. Basic knowledge of the processes of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.

- Molecular basis of cancer. Molecular mechanisms of tumor transformation. Characteristics of the neoplastic cell. Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying tumors.

- Mobile genetic elements and genome evolution. The nature of transposable elements. Mechanisms of transposition and genomic evolution.

• Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., WW Norton & Co.
• “Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
• “Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

Characteristics of living organisms. Cell theory, the cell as a structural and functional unit of life.
Chemistry of life: Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (structure, shape and function).
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: classification and main structural differences. Organization of the eukaryotic cell. Cellular organelles (structure and function). Notes on viruses as endocellular parasites.
Plasma membrane. The fluid-mosaic model of the cell plasma membrane. Main functions of membrane proteins and their topological organization in the lipid bilayer. Modes of ions and small molecules transport across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). The basis of membrane excitability.
Compartmentalization in the eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm and the system of endocellular membranes: structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes. Notes on peroxisomes.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts as generators of energy. Notes on glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. The endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility. The cytoskeleton. Structure and function of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Molecular motors. Cellular structures that determine the shape, polarity, and motility of the cell. Interactions between cells and their environment. The molecules adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix.
Nuclear compartment. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, organization and different levels of chromatin condensation, chromosomes.
Molecular bases of hereditary information. DNA structure and function. Identification of DNA as genetic material. Molecular mechanism of DNA duplication. Telomeres and Telomerase. Mechanisms of DNA repair, correlations with human pathologies.
RNA structure and function. Main types of RNA present in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
RNA Transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, with particular attention to the maturation of the messenger RNAs. Role of non-coding RNAs.
Protein synthesis. Ribosomes: structure and biological role, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Properties of the genetic code, general features of translation and biological implications.
Post-synthetic fate of proteins. Post-translational modifications and fate of proteins after synthesis. Signals and mechanisms of protein sorting to organelles and secretory pathway.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the protein sorting (signal and stop sequences). Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus role in protein glycosylation.
Vesicle trafficking. Modes of protein transport between different cellular compartments. Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis); autophagy; Constitutive and regulated exocytosis.
Control of gene expression. Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code.
Control at the transcriptional level in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Role of chromatin condensation state and degree of DNA methylation (epigenetic modifications). Main strategies of post-transcriptional and post-translational control.
Mitosis and Meiosis. Principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis, differences between the two processes. Genetic consequences of meiosis, the importance of meiosis as a source of genetic variability. Molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Concept of haploidy and diploidy. Homologous chromosomes. Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction.
Cellular communication and signal transduction. Communication between cells in multicellular organisms. General principles of cell signaling, chemical signals and receptor proteins.
Mechanisms of signal transduction and main signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, Enzyme-coupled receptors. Second messengers. Protein kinases and molecular switches.
Cell Cycle, mechanisms of cell death. Cell cycle, phases of the cycle and control of progression along the cell cycle as a result of the interaction between intracellular mechanisms and extracellular signals. The role of cyclin-dependent kinases.
Basic knowledge of the processes of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.
Molecular basis of cancer. Molecular mechanisms of tumor transformation. Characteristics
of the neoplastic cell. Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying tumors.

“Molecular Biology of the Cell”, Bruce Alberts et al., VII ed., WW Norton & Co.
“Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
“Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

- Characteristics of living organisms. Cell theory, the cell as a structural and functional unit of life.

- Chemistry of life: Macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (structure, shape and function).

- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: classification and main structural differences. Organization of the eukaryotic cell. Cellular organelles (structure and function). Notes on viruses as endocellular parasites.

- Plasma membrane. The fluid-mosaic model of the cell plasma membrane. Main functions of membrane proteins and their topological organization in the lipid bilayer. Modes of ions and small molecules transport across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). The basis of membrane excitability.

- Compartmentalization in the eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm and the system of endocellular membranes: structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.
Notes on peroxisomes.

- Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts as generators of energy. Notes on glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. The endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

- Cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility. The cytoskeleton. Structure and function of intermediate filaments, microtubules, and actin filaments. Molecular motors. Cellular structures that determine the shape, polarity, and motility of the cell. Interactions between cells and their environment. The molecules adhesion molecules and the extracellular matrix.

- Nuclear compartment. Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, organization and different levels of chromatin condensation, chromosomes.

- Molecular bases of hereditary information. DNA structure and function. Identification of DNA as genetic material. Molecular mechanism of DNA duplication. Telomeres and Telomerase.
Mechanisms of DNA repair, correlations with human pathologies.

- RNA structure and function. Main types of RNA present in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. RNA Transcription and RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, with particular attention to the
maturation of the messenger RNAs. Role of non-coding RNAs.

- Protein synthesis. Ribosomes: structure and biological role, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Properties of the genetic code, general features of translation and biological implications.

- Post-synthetic fate of proteins. Post-translational modifications and fate of proteins after synthesis. Signals and mechanisms of protein sorting to organelles and secretory pathway.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the protein sorting (signal and stop sequences). Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus role in protein glycosylation.

- Vesicle trafficking. Modes of protein transport between different cellular compartments. Endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis); autophagy; Constitutive
and regulated exocytosis.

- Control of gene expression. Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Control at the transcriptional level in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Role of chromatin condensation state and degree of DNA methylation (epigenetic modifications). Main strategies of post-transcriptional and post-translational control.

- Mitosis and Meiosis. Principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis, differences between the two processes. Genetic consequences of meiosis, the importance of meiosis as a source of genetic variability. Molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Concept of haploidy and diploidy. Homologous chromosomes. Characteristics of sexual and asexual reproduction.

- Cellular communication and signal transduction. Communication between cells in multicellular organisms. General principles of cell signaling, chemical signals and receptor proteins.
Mechanisms of signal transduction and main signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, Enzyme-coupled receptors. Second messengers. Protein kinases and molecular switches.

- Cell Cycle, mechanisms of cell death. Cell cycle, phases of the cycle and control of progression along the cell cycle as a result of the interaction between intracellular mechanisms and extracellular signals. The role of cyclin-dependent kinases. Basic knowledge of the processes of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.

- Molecular basis of cancer. Molecular mechanisms of tumor transformation. Characteristics of the neoplastic cell. Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying tumors.

- Mobile genetic elements and genome evolution. The nature of transposable elements. Mechanisms of transposition and genomic evolution.

• Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., WW Norton & Co.
• “Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
• “Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

- Basic Genetics: Definitions of Key Terms: gene, locus, allele, genotype, phenotype, haplotype, homozygous, heterozygous, haploid, diploid, dominance, recessivity, codominance, mutation, polymorphism.

-Principles of Genetic Transmission: Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses, Segregation in Human Pedigrees, Blood groups Genetics

-Monogenic Inheritance Models: Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance

-Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees analyses.

-Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and theoretical implications for understanding the mechanisms of biological evolution.

-Chromosomes: Structure and Analysis, Chromosomes Pathologies. Genomic Imprinting.

- X-chromosome inactivation

-Mitochondrial inheritance: mitochondrial DNA, pattern of inheritance

-Multifactorial Inheritance and Common Diseases: polimorphisms, susceptibility genes, gene environment interaction, association studies.

• Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., WW Norton & Co.
• “Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
• “Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

- Basic Genetics: Definitions of Key Terms: gene, locus, allele, genotype, phenotype, haplotype, homozygous, heterozygous, haploid, diploid, dominance, recessivity, codominance, mutation, polymorphism.

-Principles of Genetic Transmission: Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses, Segregation in Human Pedigrees, Blood groups Genetics

-Monogenic Inheritance Models: Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance

-Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees analyses.

-Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and theoretical implications for understanding the mechanisms of biological evolution.

-Chromosomes: Structure and Analysis, Chromosomes Pathologies. Genomic Imprinting.

- X-chromosome inactivation

-Mitochondrial inheritance: mitochondrial DNA, pattern of inheritance

-Multifactorial Inheritance and Common Diseases: polimorphisms, susceptibility genes, gene environment interaction, association studies.

-Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Medicine Genetic tests and Counselling. Outlines

• Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., WW Norton & Co.
• “Essential Cell Biology”, Bruce Alberts et al. V ed., WW Norton & Co.
• “Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier

MECHANICS

Introduction, Measurement, Estimating
Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
Units, Standards, and SI Units
Converting Units
Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
Vectors and Scalars

Vectors
Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods
Subtraction of Vectors and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Adding Vectors by Components
Scalar and Vector Products

Describing Motion: Kinematics
References Frames and Displacement
Average Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity
Acceleration
Motion at Constant Acceleration
Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
Nonuniform Circular Motion

Dynamics:
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Force
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Mass
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Weight-The Force of Gravity;
The Normal Force
Friction
Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
Circular Motion; Gravitation
Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
Types of Forces in Nature

Work and Energy
Work Done by a Constant Force
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle
Potential Energy (gravitational potential energy, potential energy of elastic spring)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Mechanical Energy and its Conservation
Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Other Forms of Energy: Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy
Power

Linear Momentum
Momentum and its Relation to Force
Conservation of Momentum
Center of Mass
Center of Mass and Translational Motion

Rotational Motion
Angular Quantities
Torque

Static Equilibrium
The Conditions for Equilibrium
Applications to Muscles and Joints
Stability and Balance
Elasticity
Stress and Strain
Fracture

Fluids
Phases of Matter
Density
Pressure in Fluids
Atmospheric Pressure; Gauge Pressure
Pascal’s Principle
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle
Fluids in Motion;
Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity
Bernoulli’s Principle
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: stenosis, aneurism and TIA
Viscosity
Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, High blood pressure
Pumps, and the Heart

THERMODYNAMICS

Temperature
Atomic Theory of Matter
Temperature and Thermometers
Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal Expansion

Heat
Heat as Energy Transfer
Internal Energy
Specific Heat
Calorimetry
Heat Transfer: Conduction
Heat Transfer: Convection
Heat Transfer: Radiation

The Laws of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Human Metabolism and the First Law
Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Order to Disorder

READING MATERIALS

1. Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition or subsequent, Pearson Education. Inc

2. G.M. Contessa, G.A. Marzo. Fisica Applicata alle Scienze Mediche. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2019

The indicated textbooks are just for reference. Students are allowed to adopt the book/books of their choice. Additional material will be provided by the professor as lesson slides

Radiation in Healthcare
Electromagnetic radiation
ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Medical uses for radiation (diagnostics and in therapy)

Ionizing radiation in medicine
X-Ray Medical Imaging
Physical principles and technical aspects of diagnostics x-ray devices
Computed Tomography (CT)
Single Photon Emitting Tomography (SPECT)
C-arm systems and other x-ray equipment

Non-ionizing radiation:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Radiation protection
Interaction of radiation with cells and tissues
Radiobiology

1. Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition or subsequent, Pearson Education. Inc

2. G.M. Contessa, G.A. Marzo. Fisica Applicata alle Scienze Mediche. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2019

MECHANICS
Introduction, Measurement, Estimating
Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
Units, Standards, and SI Units
Converting Units
Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis
Vectors and Scalars

Vectors
Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods
Subtraction of Vectors and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Adding Vectors by Components
Scalar and Vector Products

Describing Motion: Kinematics
References Frames and Displacement
Average Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity
Acceleration
Motion at Constant Acceleration
Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
Nonuniform Circular Motion

Dynamics:
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Force
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Mass
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Weight-The Force of Gravity;
The Normal Force
Friction
Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
Circular Motion; Gravitation
Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
Types of Forces in Nature

Work and Energy
Work Done by a Constant Force
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle
Potential Energy (gravitational potential energy, potential energy of elastic spring)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
Mechanical Energy and its Conservation
Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Other Forms of Energy: Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy
Power

Linear Momentum
Momentum and its Relation to Force
Conservation of Momentum
Center of Mass
Center of Mass and Translational Motion

Rotational Motion
Angular Quantities
Torque

Static Equilibrium
The Conditions for Equilibrium
Applications to Muscles and Joints
Stability and Balance
Elasticity
Stress and Strain
Fracture

Fluids
Phases of Matter
Density
Pressure in Fluids
Atmospheric Pressure; Gauge Pressure
Pascal’s Principle
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle
Fluids in Motion;
Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity
Bernoulli’s Principle
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: stenosis, aneurism and TIA
Viscosity
Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, High blood pressure
Pumps, and the Heart

THERMODYNAMICS
Temperature
Atomic Theory of Matter
Temperature and Thermometers
Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal Expansion

Heat
Heat as Energy Transfer
Internal Energy
Specific Heat
Calorimetry
Heat Transfer: Conduction
Heat Transfer: Convection
Heat Transfer: Radiation

The Laws of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Human Metabolism and the First Law
Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Order to Disorder

1. Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition or subsequent, Pearson Education. Inc

2. G.M. Contessa, G.A. Marzo. Fisica Applicata alle Scienze Mediche. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2019

Radiation in Healthcare
Electromagnetic radiation
ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Medical uses for radiation (diagnostics and in therapy)

Ionizing radiation in medicine
X-Ray Medical Imaging
Physical principles and technical aspects of diagnostics x-ray devices
Computed Tomography (CT)
Single Photon Emitting Tomography (SPECT)
C-arm systems and other x-ray equipment

Non-ionizing radiation:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Radiation protection
Interaction of radiation with cells and tissues
Radiobiology

1. Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition or subsequent, Pearson Education. Inc

2. G.M. Contessa, G.A. Marzo. Fisica Applicata alle Scienze Mediche. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2019

• Introduction to biomedical statistics
• Types of data, evaluation and presentation of data
• Probability: assessment and role of probability
• The binomial distribution
• Normal distribution
• Principles of statistical inference
• Inference from a sample mean
• Comparison of two averages
• Inference from a sample proportion
• Comparison between two proportions
• Association between two categorical variables
• Effect measurement in 2 x 2 tables
• Combined analysis for associated binary data
• Correlation
• Linear regression
• Non-parametric methods
• Introduction to the calculation of the sample size
• Cohort studies
• Introduction to survival analysis
• Case-control studies
• Probability
• Introduction to multivariate regression
• Introduction to logistic regression
• Introduction to the Poisson and Cox regression
• Strategies of analysis

Lesson slides

Essential medical statistics (Kirkwood, Sterne)

The indicated textbook is just a reference. Students are allowed to adopt the book/books of their choice. Additional material will be provided by the instructor.a

• Introduction to Biomedical Statistics
• Data types, evaluation and presentation
• Probability: assessment and role of probability
• The binomial distribution
• The normal distribution
• Principles of statistical inference
• Inference from a sample average
• Comparison of two averages
• Inference from a sample proportion
• Comparison between two proportions
• Association between two categorical variables
• Effect measurement in Tables 2 x 2
• Matched analysis for associated binary data
• Correlation
• Linear regression
• Non-parametric methods
• Introduction to the calculation of sample size
• Cohort studies
• Introduction to Survival Analysis
• Case-control studies
• Probability
• Introduction to Multivariate Regression
• Introduction to Logistic Regression
• Introduction to the regression of Poisson and Cox
• Analysis strategies

Lectures' slides are the main point of reference for studying.
Essential Medical Statistics (Kirkwood, Sterne)

• Introduction to biomedical statistics
• Types of data, evaluation and presentation of data
• Probability: assessment and role of probability
• The binomial distribution
• Normal distribution
• Principles of statistical inference
• Inference from a sample mean
• Comparison of two averages
• Inference from a sample proportion
• Comparison between two proportions
• Association between two categorical variables
• Effect measurement in 2 x 2 tables
• Combined analysis for associated binary data
• Correlation
• Linear regression
• Non-parametric methods
• Introduction to the calculation of the sample size
• Cohort studies
• Introduction to survival analysis
• Case-control studies
• Probability
• Introduction to multivariate regression
• Introduction to logistic regression
• Introduction to the Poisson and Cox regression
• Strategies of analysis

Lesson slides

Essential medical statistics (Kirkwood, Sterne)

The indicated textbook is just a reference. Students are allowed to adopt the book/books of their choice. Additional material will be provided by the instructor.a

• Introduction to Biomedical Statistics
• Data types, evaluation and presentation
• Probability: assessment and role of probability
• The binomial distribution
• The normal distribution
• Principles of statistical inference
• Inference from a sample average
• Comparison of two averages
• Inference from a sample proportion
• Comparison between two proportions
• Association between two categorical variables
• Effect measurement in Tables 2 x 2
• Matched analysis for associated binary data
• Correlation
• Linear regression
• Non-parametric methods
• Introduction to the calculation of sample size
• Cohort studies
• Introduction to Survival Analysis
• Case-control studies
• Probability
• Introduction to Multivariate Regression
• Introduction to Logistic Regression
• Introduction to the regression of Poisson and Cox
• Analysis strategies

Lectures' slides are the reference point for the study
Essential Medical Statistics (Kirkwood, Sterne)

1) Binary system and information codification, input and output, boolean operators.
2) Computer architecture, CPU, memories;
3) Software: operating systems, application software;
4) Word processor (Microsoft Word), including bibliography, citations and references;
5) Spreadsheet (Microsoft excel);
6) Computer networks, Internet, e-mail, World Wide Web;
7) Databases, Academic databases and search engines. Public health databases
8) Introduction to health information systems. The Italian health information system. Health standards for data acquisition, storing and visualization. The electronic medical record.
9) Information security and Privacy in the management of healthcare data.
10) Digital devices, sensors and mobile app for precise medicine. Supporting systems for the physicians.

Lesson slides

Joos, D. Wolf, R. Nelson, “Introduction to Computers for Healthcare Professionals” seventh edition, 2019, Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-1284194708

Kathleen Mastrian, Dee McGonigle - Informatics for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 1 edition (April 25, 2016)

Joseph Tan - E-Health Care Information Systems: An Introduction for Students and Professionals. Jossey-Bass Inc Pub; 1 ed (May 1, 2012)

The indicated textbooks are just a reference.

1) Binary system and information codification, input and output, boolean operators.
2) Computer architecture, CPU, memories;
3) Software: operating systems, application software;
4) Word processor (Microsoft Word), including bibliography, citations and references;
5) Spreadsheet (Microsoft excel);
6) Computer networks, Internet, e-mail, World Wide Web;
7) Databases, Academic databases and search engines. Public health databases
8) Introduction to health information systems. The Italian health information system. Health standards for data acquisition, storing and visualization. The electronic medical record.
9) Information security and Privacy in the management of healthcare data.
10) Digital devices, sensors and mobile app for precise medicine. Supporting systems for the physicians.

Lesson slides

Joos, D. Wolf, R. Nelson, “Introduction to Computers for Healthcare Professionals” seventh edition, 2019, Jones & Bartlett Learning, ISBN 978-1284194708

Kathleen Mastrian, Dee McGonigle - Informatics for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 1 edition (April 25, 2016)

Joseph Tan - E-Health Care Information Systems: An Introduction for Students and Professionals. Jossey-Bass Inc Pub; 1 ed (May 1, 2012)

The indicated textbooks are just a reference.

COURSE SYLLABUS
• Locomotor system: introduction to the systematic study of the locomotor system, discussion of anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms); description of the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy.
-Osteology: morphology of the human skeleton (the skull, the axial and appendicular skeleton)
-Arthrology: general information about the joints, types of movement, dynamics of the joints, study of the joints of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, upper limb and lower limb.
-Myology: Shape and function of skeletal muscles, vertebral muscles, neck muscles, chest and pelvic wall muscles, upper limb and lower limb muscles.
• Cardiovascular system: General information about the lymphatic and vascular system. Pericardium, heart and blood vessels of the chest. Main arteries and veins of the head, neck and limbs.
• Peripheral nervous system: spinal snerves and plexuses of head, neck, upper and lower limb. Cranial nerves
• Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands.
• Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
• Pharynx and larynx.

READING MATERIALS
Libri di Testo:
Gray’s Anatomy (latest edition) Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.

Per la Sezione di Neuronatomia:
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

-ATLANTE:
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (latest edition) Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
• Locomotor system: introduction to the systematic study of the locomotor system, discussion of anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms); description of the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy.
-Osteology: morphology of the human skeleton (the skull, the axial and appendicular skeleton)
-Arthrology: general information about the joints, types of movement, dynamics of the joints, study of the joints of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, upper limb and lower limb.
-Myology: Shape and function of skeletal muscles, vertebral muscles, neck muscles, chest and pelvic wall muscles, upper limb and lower limb muscles.
• Cardiovascular system: General information about the lymphatic and vascular system. Pericardium, heart and blood vessels of the chest. Main arteries and veins of the head, neck and limbs.
• Peripheral nervous system: spinal snerves and plexuses of head, neck, upper and lower limb. Cranial nerves
• Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands.
• Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
• Pharynx and larynx.

READING MATERIALS
Libri di Testo:
Gray’s Anatomy (latest edition) Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.

Per la Sezione di Neuronatomia:
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

-ATLANTE:
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (latest edition) Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
• Locomotor system: introduction to the systematic study of the locomotor system, discussion of anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms); description of the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy.
-Osteology: morphology of the human skeleton (the skull, the axial and appendicular skeleton)
-Arthrology: general information about the joints, types of movement, dynamics of the joints, study of the joints of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, upper limb and lower limb.
-Myology: Shape and function of skeletal muscles, vertebral muscles, neck muscles, chest and pelvic wall muscles, upper limb and lower limb muscles.
• Cardiovascular system: General information about the lymphatic and vascular system. Pericardium, heart and blood vessels of the chest. Main arteries and veins of the head, neck and limbs.
• Peripheral nervous system: spinal snerves and plexuses of head, neck, upper and lower limb. Cranial nerves
• Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands.
• Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
• Pharynx and larynx.

READING MATERIALS
Libri di Testo:
Gray’s Anatomy (latest edition) Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.

Per la Sezione di Neuronatomia:
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

-ATLANTE:
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (latest edition) Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
• Locomotor system: introduction to the systematic study of the locomotor system, discussion of anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms); description of the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy.
-Osteology: morphology of the human skeleton (the skull, the axial and appendicular skeleton)
-Arthrology: general information about the joints, types of movement, dynamics of the joints, study of the joints of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, upper limb and lower limb.
-Myology: Shape and function of skeletal muscles, vertebral muscles, neck muscles, chest and pelvic wall muscles, upper limb and lower limb muscles.
• Cardiovascular system: General information about the lymphatic and vascular system. Pericardium, heart and blood vessels of the chest. Main arteries and veins of the head, neck and limbs.
• Peripheral nervous system: spinal snerves and plexuses of head, neck, upper and lower limb. Cranial nerves
• Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands.
• Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
• Pharynx and larynx.

READING MATERIALS
Libri di Testo:
Gray’s Anatomy (latest edition) Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.

Per la Sezione di Neuronatomia:
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

-ATLANTE:
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (latest edition) Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
• Locomotor system: introduction to the systematic study of the locomotor system, discussion of anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms); description of the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy.
-Osteology: morphology of the human skeleton (the skull, the axial and appendicular skeleton)
-Arthrology: general information about the joints, types of movement, dynamics of the joints, study of the joints of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, upper limb and lower limb.
-Myology: Shape and function of skeletal muscles, vertebral muscles, neck muscles, chest and pelvic wall muscles, upper limb and lower limb muscles.
• Cardiovascular system: General information about the lymphatic and vascular system. Pericardium, heart and blood vessels of the chest. Main arteries and veins of the head, neck and limbs.
• Peripheral nervous system: spinal snerves and plexuses of head, neck, upper and lower limb. Cranial nerves
• Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands.
• Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
• Pharynx and larynx.

READING MATERIALS
Libri di Testo:
Gray’s Anatomy (latest edition) Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.

Per la Sezione di Neuronatomia:
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

-ATLANTE:
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (latest edition) Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
• Locomotor system: introduction to the systematic study of the locomotor system, discussion of anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms); description of the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy.
-Osteology: morphology of the human skeleton (the skull, the axial and appendicular skeleton)
-Arthrology: general information about the joints, types of movement, dynamics of the joints, study of the joints of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, upper limb and lower limb.
-Myology: Shape and function of skeletal muscles, vertebral muscles, neck muscles, chest and pelvic wall muscles, upper limb and lower limb muscles.
• Cardiovascular system: General information about the lymphatic and vascular system. Pericardium, heart and blood vessels of the chest. Main arteries and veins of the head, neck and limbs.
• Peripheral nervous system: spinal snerves and plexuses of head, neck, upper and lower limb. Cranial nerves
• Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands.
• Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
• Pharynx and larynx.

READING MATERIALS
Libri di Testo:
Gray’s Anatomy (latest edition) Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.

Per la Sezione di Neuronatomia:
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

-ATLANTE:
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (latest edition) Elsevier.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE SYLLABUS
Patient-physician relationship; Medical geography; Medicine of Ancient Greece; Hellenistic-Roman
Medicine; Pythagoras; Alcmaeon; Hippocrates; Rational medicine; Theory of humors; Aristotle;
Empirical School of Alexandria; Methodical School of Alexandria; Galen; Schola Medica
Salernitana; Dissection; Andreas Vesalius; Scientific Revolution; William Harvey; Ignaz
Semmelweis; Edward Jenner; Vaccine; Alexander Fleming.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE
Porter R. Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE SYLLABUS
Patient-physician relationship; Medical geography; Medicine of Ancient Greece; Hellenistic-Roman
Medicine; Pythagoras; Alcmaeon; Hippocrates; Rational medicine; Theory of humors; Aristotle;
Empirical School of Alexandria; Methodical School of Alexandria; Galen; Schola Medica
Salernitana; Dissection; Andreas Vesalius; Scientific Revolution; William Harvey; Ignaz
Semmelweis; Edward Jenner; Vaccine; Alexander Fleming.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE
- Porter R. Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

APPLIED ECONOMICS SYLLABUS
- Pareto-efficiency and market failures: asymmetric information, externalities, moral hazard and
adverse selection
- The economic analysis of healthcare
- Cost effectiveness, cost utility and cost benefit analyses

APPLIED ECONOMICS
Wondeling, Gruen, Black. Introduction to health economics. Understanding Public Health. 1st edition.
Additional materials ( Power point slides) will be provided alongside classes.

APPLIED ECONOMICS SYLLABUS
- Pareto-efficiency and market failures: asymmetric information, externalities, moral hazard and
adverse selection
- The economic analysis of healthcare
- Cost effectiveness, cost utility and cost benefit analyses

The course is divided in frontal lectures, 70 hours . The professors use educational tools such as
presentations organized in power point files with explanatory diagrams, illustrations and images,
videos, movies to describe concepts and methodologies. The attendance at lectures is mandatory.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS
Course presentation and introduction. “Moral System”; “Methodology of Moral Philosophy”; Moral
and “Moral Law”; the most significant current ethics problems in the field of medicine; the
scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science; the
awareness of moral dimension of medicine and health professions; empathy; narrative medicine in
digital age; the relationship between science and ethics; ethics committee at different level; the
significant elements to treat the patient in addition to the physiological ones: economic,
anthropological, social, ethical and relational; cross-cultural medicine; “Human Rights and Health”;
relationship between Human Right and Health; Ethics and social media; Millennium Development
Goals and Sustainable Millennium Development Goals; Health ethics: tension between social
benefits and individual freedom; Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: health
diplomacy and Ethics; Ethics; Health and International Cooperation;
Moreover the course deals with the actual and interdisciplinary theme of Health Diplomacy
between Ethics and Medicine, and how it could represent a new border both as a tool for a new
international diplomatic intervention and as a pacific solution for the disagreements on wide scale,
and as a new field of international cooperation.

S. Boccanelli e L.E.Pacifici Noja Global Health, INDIRITTO ed 2022 Rome
Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020).
L.E.Pacifici Noja Health and Ethics, TAB ed 2019 Rome

MORAL PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS
Course presentation and introduction. “Moral System”; “Methodology of Moral Philosophy”; Moral
and “Moral Law”; the most significant current ethics problems in the field of medicine; the
scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science; the
awareness of moral dimension of medicine and health professions; empathy; narrative medicine in
digital age; the relationship between science and ethics; ethics committee at different level; the
significant elements to treat the patient in addition to the physiological ones: economic,
anthropological, social, ethical and relational; cross-cultural medicine; “Human Rights and Health”;
relationship between Human Right and Health; Ethics and social media; Millennium Development
Goals and Sustainable Millennium Development Goals; Health ethics: tension between social
benefits and individual freedom; Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: health
diplomacy and Ethics; Ethics; Health and International Cooperation;
Moreover the course deals with the actual and interdisciplinary theme of Health Diplomacy
between Ethics and Medicine, and how it could represent a new border both as a tool for a new
international diplomatic intervention and as a pacific solution for the disagreements on wide scale,
and as a new field of international cooperation.

S. Boccanelli e L.E.Pacifici Noja Global Health, INDIRITTO ed 2022 Rome
Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020).
L.E.Pacifici Noja Health and Ethics, TAB ed 2019 Rome

MORAL PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS
Course presentation and introduction. “Moral System”; “Methodology of Moral Philosophy”; Moral
and “Moral Law”; the most significant current ethics problems in the field of medicine; the
scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science; the
awareness of moral dimension of medicine and health professions; empathy; narrative medicine in
digital age; the relationship between science and ethics; ethics committee at different level; the
significant elements to treat the patient in addition to the physiological ones: economic,
anthropological, social, ethical and relational; cross-cultural medicine; “Human Rights and Health”;
relationship between Human Right and Health; Ethics and social media; Millennium Development
Goals and Sustainable Millennium Development Goals; Health ethics: tension between social
benefits and individual freedom; Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: health
diplomacy and Ethics; Ethics; Health and International Cooperation;
Moreover the course deals with the actual and interdisciplinary theme of Health Diplomacy
between Ethics and Medicine, and how it could represent a new border both as a tool for a new
international diplomatic intervention and as a pacific solution for the disagreements on wide scale,
and as a new field of international cooperation.

S. Boccanelli e L.E.Pacifici Noja Global Health, INDIRITTO ed 2022 Rome
Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020).
L.E.Pacifici Noja Health and Ethics, TAB ed 2019 Rome

MORAL PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS
Course presentation and introduction. “Moral System”; “Methodology of Moral Philosophy”; Moral
and “Moral Law”; the most significant current ethics problems in the field of medicine; the
scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science; the
awareness of moral dimension of medicine and health professions; empathy; narrative medicine in
digital age; the relationship between science and ethics; ethics committee at different level; the
significant elements to treat the patient in addition to the physiological ones: economic,
anthropological, social, ethical and relational; cross-cultural medicine; “Human Rights and Health”;
relationship between Human Right and Health; Ethics and social media; Millennium Development
Goals and Sustainable Millennium Development Goals; Health ethics: tension between social
benefits and individual freedom; Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: health
diplomacy and Ethics; Ethics; Health and International Cooperation;
Moreover the course deals with the actual and interdisciplinary theme of Health Diplomacy
between Ethics and Medicine, and how it could represent a new border both as a tool for a new
international diplomatic intervention and as a pacific solution for the disagreements on wide scale,
and as a new field of international cooperation.

S. Boccanelli e L.E.Pacifici Noja Global Health, INDIRITTO ed 2022 Rome
Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020).
L.E.Pacifici Noja Health and Ethics, TAB ed 2019 Rome

MORAL PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS
Course presentation and introduction. “Moral System”; “Methodology of Moral Philosophy”; Moral
and “Moral Law”; the most significant current ethics problems in the field of medicine; the
scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science; the
awareness of moral dimension of medicine and health professions; empathy; narrative medicine in
digital age; the relationship between science and ethics; ethics committee at different level; the
significant elements to treat the patient in addition to the physiological ones: economic,
anthropological, social, ethical and relational; cross-cultural medicine; “Human Rights and Health”;
relationship between Human Right and Health; Ethics and social media; Millennium Development
Goals and Sustainable Millennium Development Goals; Health ethics: tension between social
benefits and individual freedom; Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: health
diplomacy and Ethics; Ethics; Health and International Cooperation;
Moreover the course deals with the actual and interdisciplinary theme of Health Diplomacy
between Ethics and Medicine, and how it could represent a new border both as a tool for a new
international diplomatic intervention and as a pacific solution for the disagreements on wide scale,
and as a new field of international cooperation.

S. Boccanelli e L.E.Pacifici Noja Global Health, INDIRITTO ed 2022 Rome
Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020).
L.E.Pacifici Noja Health and Ethics, TAB ed 2019 Rome

MORAL PHILOSOPHY SYLLABUS
Course presentation and introduction. “Moral System”; “Methodology of Moral Philosophy”; Moral
and “Moral Law”; the most significant current ethics problems in the field of medicine; the
scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science; the
awareness of moral dimension of medicine and health professions; empathy; narrative medicine in
digital age; the relationship between science and ethics; ethics committee at different level; the
significant elements to treat the patient in addition to the physiological ones: economic,
anthropological, social, ethical and relational; cross-cultural medicine; “Human Rights and Health”;
relationship between Human Right and Health; Ethics and social media; Millennium Development
Goals and Sustainable Millennium Development Goals; Health ethics: tension between social
benefits and individual freedom; Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: health
diplomacy and Ethics; Ethics; Health and International Cooperation;
Moreover the course deals with the actual and interdisciplinary theme of Health Diplomacy
between Ethics and Medicine, and how it could represent a new border both as a tool for a new
international diplomatic intervention and as a pacific solution for the disagreements on wide scale,
and as a new field of international cooperation.

S. Boccanelli e L.E.Pacifici Noja Global Health, INDIRITTO ed 2022 Rome
Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020).
L.E.Pacifici Noja Health and Ethics, TAB ed 2019 Rome

COURSE SYLLABUS

Citology
Methods to study cells and tissues. Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.
The plasma membrane. Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.
The cytoplasmic organelles. Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin).
The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.
The nucleus. Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.
Cellular interactions General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

Histology
Methods for the morphological study of tissues
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM), basic principles (resolving power and magnification) and use; preparation of a histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation) and electronic microscope (ultra-fine sections; freezing / fracture); the main stains for optical and electronic microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on eyelashes), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).
Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels]. Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (oxyntic cells and Paneth cells). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and justacrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.

THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.
The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (classification: fibrillar, laminar / reticular and FACIT; and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular , elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues. Cartilage tissues.
Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).

Bone tissues.

1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts [their origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).

Blood and lymph.
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia) . Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation) . Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.

Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).

Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

First week of development. The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.
Second week of development: Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.
Third week of development: gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.
Fourth week of development: lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, furrows, and pharyngeal pockets. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages. Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, esophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal esophagus fistula, atresia of the esophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudoheraphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.

Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefrica region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signaling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Notes on the development of the arterial and venous system. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

Practical Histology
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
• Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
• Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
• Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
• Transitional epithelium (ureter)
• Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
• Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
• Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
• Blood smear
• Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
• Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
• Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

READING MATERIALS
• Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
• Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.
• Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier 

COURSE SYLLABUS

Citology
Methods to study cells and tissues. Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.
The plasma membrane. Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.
The cytoplasmic organelles. Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin).
The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.
The nucleus. Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.
Cellular interactions General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

Histology
Methods for the morphological study of tissues
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM), basic principles (resolving power and magnification) and use; preparation of a histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation) and electronic microscope (ultra-fine sections; freezing / fracture); the main stains for optical and electronic microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on eyelashes), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).
Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels]. Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (oxyntic cells and Paneth cells). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and justacrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.

THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.
The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (classification: fibrillar, laminar / reticular and FACIT; and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular , elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues. Cartilage tissues.
Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).

Bone tissues.

1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts [their origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).

Blood and lymph.
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia) . Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation) . Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.

Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).

Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

First week of development. The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.
Second week of development: Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.
Third week of development: gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.
Fourth week of development: lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, furrows, and pharyngeal pockets. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages. Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, esophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal esophagus fistula, atresia of the esophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudoheraphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.

Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefrica region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signaling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Notes on the development of the arterial and venous system. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

Practical Histology
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
• Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
• Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
• Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
• Transitional epithelium (ureter)
• Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
• Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
• Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
• Blood smear
• Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
• Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
• Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

READING MATERIALS
• Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
• Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.
• Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier 

COURSE SYLLABUS

Citology
Methods to study cells and tissues. Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.
The plasma membrane. Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.
The cytoplasmic organelles. Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin).
The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.
The nucleus. Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.
Cellular interactions General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

Histology
Methods for the morphological study of tissues
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM), basic principles (resolving power and magnification) and use; preparation of a histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation) and electronic microscope (ultra-fine sections; freezing / fracture); the main stains for optical and electronic microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on eyelashes), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).
Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels]. Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (oxyntic cells and Paneth cells). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and justacrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.

THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.
The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (classification: fibrillar, laminar / reticular and FACIT; and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular , elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues. Cartilage tissues.
Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).

Bone tissues.

1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts [their origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).

Blood and lymph.
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia) . Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation) . Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.

Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).

Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

First week of development. The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.
Second week of development: Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.
Third week of development: gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.
Fourth week of development: lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, furrows, and pharyngeal pockets. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages. Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, esophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal esophagus fistula, atresia of the esophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudoheraphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.

Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefrica region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signaling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Notes on the development of the arterial and venous system. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

Practical Histology
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
• Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
• Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
• Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
• Transitional epithelium (ureter)
• Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
• Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
• Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
• Blood smear
• Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
• Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
• Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

READING MATERIALS
• Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
• Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.
• Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier 

CITOLOGY

METHODS TO STUDY CELLS AND TISSUES
Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.

THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.

THE CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin). The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.

THE NUCLEUS
Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.

CELLULAR INTERACTIONS
General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

HISTOLOGY

METHODS FOR THE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF TISSUES
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM); unit of measurement and resolution power (Abbe formula). Procedures for histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation and freezing) and electronic microscope. The cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining. Principles of immunolocalization of molecules and cellular organelles. Fractional centrifugation.

THE STEM CELLS
Notes on cellular differentiation. Stem cells (general characteristics of embryonic stem cells, adult tissues, and induced pluripotent stem cells). Stem niches. Cloning. Tissue regeneration.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on ciliopathies), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).

Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels].
Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Clinical links: celiac disease, primary ciliary dysnesia (PCD) or immotile cilia syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), pemphigus, Harlequin-type ichthyosis, melanoma.

Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (serous, mucous, mixed). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas, digestive glands, goblet cells. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.


THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.

The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (fibrillar, laminar/reticular and FACIT and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular, elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues.
Cartilage tissues. Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth, staining, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth, staining, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth, staining, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).
Bone tissues.
1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts: origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).
Clinical correlations: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dwarfism, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, Osteoporosis

Blood and lymph
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia). Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation). Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.
Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).
Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY

SPERMATOGENESIS, OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.

SECOND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.

THIRD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.

FOURTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, clefts and pharyngeal pouches. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages.
Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, oesophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal oesophagus fistula, atresia of the oesophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudohermaphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.
Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefric region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signalling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Outline of the arterial and venous system development. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

PRACTICAL HISTOLOGY
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organisation, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
- Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
- Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (oesophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
- Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
- Transitional epithelium (ureter)
- Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
- Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and oesophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
- Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
- Blood smear
- Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
- Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
- Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

- Pawlina W.: Histology a text and atlas, eighth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.
- Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS

Citology
Methods to study cells and tissues. Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.
The plasma membrane. Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.
The cytoplasmic organelles. Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin).
The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.
The nucleus. Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.
Cellular interactions General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

Histology
Methods for the morphological study of tissues
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM), basic principles (resolving power and magnification) and use; preparation of a histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation) and electronic microscope (ultra-fine sections; freezing / fracture); the main stains for optical and electronic microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on eyelashes), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).
Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels]. Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (oxyntic cells and Paneth cells). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and justacrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.

THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.
The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (classification: fibrillar, laminar / reticular and FACIT; and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular , elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues. Cartilage tissues.
Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).

Bone tissues.

1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts [their origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).

Blood and lymph.
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia) . Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation) . Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.

Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).

Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

First week of development. The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.
Second week of development: Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.
Third week of development: gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.
Fourth week of development: lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, furrows, and pharyngeal pockets. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages. Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, esophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal esophagus fistula, atresia of the esophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudoheraphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.

Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefrica region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signaling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Notes on the development of the arterial and venous system. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

Practical Histology
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
• Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
• Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
• Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
• Transitional epithelium (ureter)
• Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
• Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
• Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
• Blood smear
• Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
• Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
• Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

READING MATERIALS
• Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
• Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.
• Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier 

COURSE SYLLABUS

Citology
Methods to study cells and tissues. Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.
The plasma membrane. Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.
The cytoplasmic organelles. Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin).
The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.
The nucleus. Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.
Cellular interactions General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

Histology
Methods for the morphological study of tissues
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM), basic principles (resolving power and magnification) and use; preparation of a histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation) and electronic microscope (ultra-fine sections; freezing / fracture); the main stains for optical and electronic microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on eyelashes), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).
Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels]. Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (oxyntic cells and Paneth cells). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and justacrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.

THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.
The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (classification: fibrillar, laminar / reticular and FACIT; and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular , elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues. Cartilage tissues.
Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).

Bone tissues.

1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts [their origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).

Blood and lymph.
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia) . Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation) . Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.

Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).

Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

First week of development. The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.
Second week of development: Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.
Third week of development: gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.
Fourth week of development: lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, furrows, and pharyngeal pockets. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages. Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, esophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal esophagus fistula, atresia of the esophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudoheraphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.

Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefrica region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signaling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Notes on the development of the arterial and venous system. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

Practical Histology
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
• Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
• Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
• Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
• Transitional epithelium (ureter)
• Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
• Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
• Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
• Blood smear
• Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
• Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
• Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

READING MATERIALS
• Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
• Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.
• Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier 

COURSE SYLLABUS

Citology
Methods to study cells and tissues. Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.
The plasma membrane. Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.
The cytoplasmic organelles. Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin).
The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.
The nucleus. Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.
Cellular interactions General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

Histology
Methods for the morphological study of tissues
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM), basic principles (resolving power and magnification) and use; preparation of a histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation) and electronic microscope (ultra-fine sections; freezing / fracture); the main stains for optical and electronic microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on eyelashes), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).
Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels]. Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (oxyntic cells and Paneth cells). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and justacrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.

THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.
The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (classification: fibrillar, laminar / reticular and FACIT; and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular , elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues. Cartilage tissues.
Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth: characteristics of coloring, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).

Bone tissues.

1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts [their origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).

Blood and lymph.
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia) . Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation) . Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.

Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).

Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

First week of development. The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.
Second week of development: Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.
Third week of development: gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.
Fourth week of development: lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, furrows, and pharyngeal pockets. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages. Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, esophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal esophagus fistula, atresia of the esophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudoheraphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.

Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefrica region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signaling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Notes on the development of the arterial and venous system. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

Practical Histology
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
• Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
• Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
• Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
• Transitional epithelium (ureter)
• Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
• Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
• Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
• Blood smear
• Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
• Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
• Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

READING MATERIALS
• Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
• Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.
• Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier 

CITOLOGY

METHODS TO STUDY CELLS AND TISSUES
Notes on the use of optical (bright field, phase contrast, interference, fluorescence, confocal) and electronic (TEM and SEM) microscopes; unit of measurement and resolving power (Abbe's formula). Procedures for preparing of specimens for optical (paraffin and freezing) and electron microscopy. Cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining procedure. Principles of immunolocalization of cellular molecules and organelles. The fractional centrifugation.

THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Molecular structure and organization of the plasma membrane: the fluid mosaic model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins: antigenic properties, function as adhesive proteins, function as receptors and their role in signal transduction. Transport of small molecules and water across the plasma membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis. Principal morphological ((freeze-fracture) and molecular (immunolocalization and electrophoresis of proteins) study methods. Composition and functions of the glycocalyx.

THE CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Composition of the cytosol and of the various cytoplasmic inclusions (glycogen granules and lipid droplets). The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and in the accumulation of calcium. Ultrastructural organization and function of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Main steps in the translation process and differences between the synthesis of proteins destined for the cytosol and that of secretory, membrane or lysosomal proteins. Post-translational modifications of proteins: glycosylation, hydroxylation and role of molecular chaperones. COP protein-coated transport vesicles. Specificity of vesicular transport and fusion processes: v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins. Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes and sorting of the molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive and regulated cell secretion: regulatory mechanisms. Endocytosis. Internalization of soluble molecules by caveole: pinocytosis, transcytosis, interactions of caveolins with signal molecules. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: Clathrin-coated vesicles. Endosomes and the different sorting pathways of specific ligands. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Phagocytosis and autophagy. The peroxisomes: structure and functions
Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the aggresome.
Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. Mitochondrial genome. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzymatic complexes: main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role of mitochondria in calcium homeostasis, in apoptosis and in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization, distribution in the cell and in the different cell types. The function of the cytoskeleton in specific processes such as cell motility, phagocytosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle movement. Proteins associated with microtubules (kinesins and dyneins) and microfilaments (proteins that bind actin). The centrosome. The membrane cytoskeleton. Vibrating lashes: structure and function. The primary edge.

THE NUCLEUS
Structure of the interphase nucleus. Exchanges between nucleus and cytoplasm. Composition of interphase chromatin and nuclear matrix. Echromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleosomes. Histones, non-histone regulatory proteins. The nucleolus: molecular structure and organization; the synthesis of rRNA and the assembly of ribosomal subunits. The nuclear envelope: differences between the cytoplasmic and nuclear surfaces, structure and function of nuclear pores, importins and exports, associated regulatory molecules, the nuclear lamina.
Notes on cell division and the phases of the cell cycle. Notes on the formation of chromosomes (their structure) and the mitotic apparatus. Notes on the stages of mitosis.

CELLULAR INTERACTIONS
General principles of paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and justacrine cellular interactions. Cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive systems. The intercellular junction structures: structural and molecular organization of the occluding junctions, of the anchoring junctions (adherent zonules and desmosomes) and of the communicating junctions (gap junctions). The integrins. Podosomes and focal adhesions. Hemidesmosomes.

HISTOLOGY

METHODS FOR THE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF TISSUES
Optical microscopes (transmitted light, phase contrast, interferential, fluorescence and confocal optical microscopes) and electronic microscopes (TEM and SEM); unit of measurement and resolution power (Abbe formula). Procedures for histological preparation for the optical (paraffin preparation and freezing) and electronic microscope. The cell cultures. Autoradiography and electrophoresis. Main histomorphological and histochemical staining. Principles of immunolocalization of molecules and cellular organelles. Fractional centrifugation.

THE STEM CELLS
Notes on cellular differentiation. Stem cells (general characteristics of embryonic stem cells, adult tissues, and induced pluripotent stem cells). Stem niches. Cloning. Tissue regeneration.

THE EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Generalities (organization, vascularization and innervation) and embryonic derivation. Characteristics of epithelial cells [shape, polarity, specializations of the apical surface (common cilia and primary cilia (notes on ciliopathies), microvilli, stereocilia], specializations of the lateral surface [adhesive molecules and junction complexes (ultrastructural and molecular organization of the occluding junction, adherent, desmosome), the gap junctions], specializations of the basal surface (structural and molecular organization, function of the basal lamina), the cytoskeleton, epithelial stem cells (general characteristics of stem cells of adult tissues).
Classification of epithelial tissues (lining and glandular; notes on sensory and special epithelia).

Surface epithelia. General characteristics, classification, distribution and hints of functions. Mucous membranes (intestinal epithelium, airway epithelium, bladder epithelium), serosa, skin and endothelium [notes on the structure of capillaries (continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries, passage of molecules and cells through the endothelium) and of blood vessels].
Epidermis (keratinocytes and corneification, melanocytes and melanogenesis, Langherans cells and Merkel cells).
Clinical links: celiac disease, primary ciliary dysnesia (PCD) or immotile cilia syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), pemphigus, Harlequin-type ichthyosis, melanoma.

Glandular epithelia. Embryonic derivation and histological organization of the exocrine and endocrine glands (parenchyma and stroma). Exocrine glands (position, organization, types of adenomeres and excretory ducts), classification and secretions (serous, mucous, mixed). Myoepithelial cells. Examples of exocrine glands: skin glands (sebaceous, sweat and mammary glands), major salivary glands, pancreas, digestive glands, goblet cells. Endocrine glands. General characteristics (concept of cellular signaling, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, exosomes) and histological organization (cordonal, follicular and interstitial). Hormones (polypeptides, amino acids and steroids). Examples of histological organization and functions of endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas.


THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution and functions.

The connective tissues proper (classification, distribution and functions): loose (areolar) and dense (regular and irregular). Mesenchymal stem cells. Resident cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, macrophages [phagocytosis (opsonins, Toll-type receptors, complement, such as APC cells, the macrophage system), mast cells, adipocytes]. Integrins and interactions with molecules of the intercellular substance. Intercellular substance (amorphous matrix and protein fibers). Amorphous matrix (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins) and interstitial fluid. Protein fibers. Collagens (fibrillar, laminar/reticular and FACIT and their molecular organization in particular of collagen I, synthesis and fibrillogenesis). Elastin and elastic fibers (molecular characteristics of elastin, fibrillins and their synthesis). Notes on some pathologies due to proteoglycans, collagenopathies and elastinopathies. Connective tissues proper with special properties [adipose (white and brown), reticular, elastic, pigmented, mucous].

The supporting connective tissues.
Cartilage tissues. Hyaline cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth, staining, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance and aggrecans, collagen fibers). Special types of hyaline cartilage (metaphyseal / seriata / conjugation and articular cartilage). Elastic cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth, staining, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance). Fibrous cartilage (embryonic origin, histological organization, distribution and growth, staining, perichondrium, chondroblasts / chondrocytes, intercellular substance).
Bone tissues.
1. General characteristics of their histological composition and organization (types of bones, vascularity, innervation). Cells (osteoprogenitories, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts). Intercellular substance (mineralized matrix, collagen fibers, glycoproteins). Bone tissue lamellar (compact or spongy) and not lamellar. Preparation of a histological preparation of bone tissue (demineralization or section due to wear). Periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts (synthesis of molecules of the intercellular substance, their role in the formation of osteoclasts-RANK / RANKL, in maintaining the "niche" of hematopoietic stem cells and in mineralization). Osteocytes. Osteoclasts: origin, cytological (podosome) and functional (hydrogen ion pump, lysosome) characteristics. Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calcium metabolism (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin). Notes on osteoporosis (estrogens, RANKL and OPG).
2. Ossification. Direct ossification. Indirect ossification. Example of ossification of the bones of the face and skull (chondrocranium and neurocranium). Example of indirect ossification of a long bone of the axial skeleton (primary ossification center and secondary ossification centers). Growth in length (metaphyseal cartilage) and width and ossification of a bone. Formation of an osteone. Mechanisms of mineralization (role of osteoblasts, mineralization vesicles, collagen fibers and proteoglycans).
Clinical correlations: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dwarfism, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, Osteoporosis

Blood and lymph
Blood (composition and functions). Plasma (serum) and corpuscular elements (hematocrit, buffy coat, blood smear). Red blood cells [structural (size, shape and cytoskeleton) and functional characteristics (numbers, hemoglobin, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemolysis processes, notes on blood groups]. Notes on haemolytic pathologies (cytoskeletal anomalies, favism and sickle cell anemia). Platelets [structural characteristics (size, chromomer, hyalomer, shape and cytoskeleton, granules) and functional characteristics (numbers, plug and thrombus)]. Activation of platelets (adhesion to collagen, exocytosis granules, exposure of phospholipids and thrombin and fibrinogen receptors, aggregation). Notes on the intrinsic and extrinsic blood coagulation. White blood cells (types and numbers, the leukocyte formula, diapedesis). Neutrophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; "kamikaze" and "effect functions" spiderman ", the" respiratory burst "). Eosinophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at MO and TEM; functions, the basic protein ica major). Basophils (how to recognize them in a blood smear, MO and TEM characteristics; functions). Monocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM). Lymphocytes (how to recognize them in a blood smear, characteristics at OM and TEM; functions).
Lymph (composition and function).
Lympho-hematopoietic tissues. Lymphoid tissues (notes on the structure and functions of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow).
Hemopoiesis [the hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cytokines, progenitors and precursors of differentiative cell lines, erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis (mechanisms of platelet release), lymphopoiesis].
The immune system. Innate and acquired immunity. Notes on the functions of B, T and NK lymphocytes (concept of antigen, antibodies, complement, clonal selection, gene rearrangement, immune memory, APC cells, the HLA system, the different classes of T lymphocytes).

Tooth tissues
Mineralized tissues: enamel, dentin, cement. Soft tissues: paradontium and pulp.

MUSCLE TISSUES
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution.
Skeletal muscle tissue. General organization of a muscle. Muscle fibers cytological (shape and size, colorability, bands and striae) and ultrastructural characteristics. Myofibrils and contractile myofilaments, the sarcomere. The actin filaments (molecular organization); myosin filaments (molecular organization); filaments and accessory proteins of the sarcomere (titin, nebulin, oscurin, protein C, myomesin); the dystrophin and the costamer. The triads and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neuromuscular synapse, motor plate, functioning of a cholinergic synapse. The molecular mechanism of muscle contraction (action potential, T tubules, DHPR and ryanodine receptors, calcium ions and troponins / tropomyosin, the myosin heads interaction cycle, ATP, binding sites on actin filaments). Satellite cells. Structural, metabolic and functional heterogeneity of muscle fibers (type I, type IIa, IIb and IIx fibers). Outline of muscle fiber growth factors IGF-1 and myostatin, testosterone and anabolic steroids.
Smooth muscle tissue. General organization of the tissue (laminae, small muscles, myoepithelial cells). Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the smooth muscle cell (caveole, gap junctions, dense bodies, contractile filaments). Organization of contractile filaments (caldesmone, calponina, dense bodies, intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton). Characteristics and stimuli (nervous, hormonal, mechanical, NO) of the contraction. Unitary and multi-unit musculature. Synapses "en passant". Molecular mechanism of contraction (calmodulin, MLCK, myosin light chain phosphorylation, caldesmone / calponin).
Heart muscle tissue. General tissue organization, cardiomyocyte network and intercalary discs. Cytological (shape and size) and ultrastructural characteristics of the cardiomyocyte (intercalary discs, contractile filaments, sarcomere, dyads, mitochondria). Characteristics of cardiomyocyte contraction (sodium channels and spontaneous onset of action potential, DHPR and ryanodine channels, calcium ion and sarcomere). Special cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node and Purkinje cells.

NERVOUS TISSUE
General characteristics, embryonic origin, classification, distribution. CNS and SNP. The autonomic nervous system.
General organization of the tissue (neuronal networks, synapses, glia, gray matter and white matter). Connective lining (the meninges) and vascularization (the blood-brain barrier). Special histological methods for the study of nervous tissue from "black" Golgi to "Clarity" staining.
Cytological (shape and size, plates of Nissl, cytoskeleton, Golgi) and ultrastructural characteristics (neurotubules and neurofilaments, actin filaments, REG) of the neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Dendrites. The axon and its coatings (the myelin sheath and the concept of nerve fiber). Structure, ultrastructure and molecular organization of the myelin sheath. The axoplasmic flow. Regenerative capacity of the axon. General principles of the functioning of a neuron (the resting potential, the action potential and the propagation of the nerve impulse). The electrical and chemical synapses. Interneuronal chemical synapses (synaptogenesis, types and structure, pre- and postsynaptic density, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides). Histological structure of the nerves and ganglia.
The glia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, microglia, Schwann cells, satellite cells). Notes on neuronal stem cells.

EMBRYOLOGY

SPERMATOGENESIS, OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION
The meiotic division. Timing and modalities of meiosis in spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Aneuploidy. Testis structure: albuginea tunic, lobules, seminiferous tubules, rectus tubules and rete testis. Localization and function of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and myodic cells. Male genital tract and related glands. The seminiferous epithelium. Spermatogenesis: the mitotic phase, the meiotic phase and spermiogenesis. Structure of spermatozoa. Cycle and wave of the seminiferous epithelium. The Immune Privilege of the Testis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Testicular tumors.
Structure of the ovary: cortical area and medullary area. Folliculogenesis: the primordial, primary, secondary, antral, dominant, ovulatory follicle. The zona pellucida. The cells of the theca. Ovulation. The corpus luteum. Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle. Hormonal control of the ovarian cycle and follicular selection. Mutual influence between somatic cells and the oocyte: growth and maturation of the oocyte and proliferation and maturation of follicular cells. The sperm. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa. Fertilization. Activation of the oocyte: calcium, cortical reaction, completion of meiosis (MPF and cytostatic factor). Parthenogenesis and imprinting. Birth control methods. Assisted reproduction techniques. Generalities of prenatal development: embryonic and fetal period and sensitivity to teratogenic agents. Diagnosis and prenatal therapy.

FIRST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
The segmentation. Cloning. Embryonic stem cells (ES), adult stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. IVF and ICSI. Activation of the embryo genome. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Imprinting and hydatiform mole.

SECOND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Embryonic implantation. Differentiation of the trophoblast: cytotrophoblast, syncytium trophoblast and lacunar system. HCG and pregnancy test. Amniotic cavity and yolk sac. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm. Chorionic or extra-embryonic coelomic cavity. Decidual reaction. Ectopic implant.

THIRD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Gastrulation and formation of the three embryonic sheets. Primary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membrane. Allantoid diverticulum. Development of the notochord, induction of the neural plaque (BMP inhibitors: cord, noggin and follistatin) and neurulation. Neural tube and neural crest. The paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. The intra-embryonic coelom. Formation of extra- and intra-embryonic angioblastic islands. Cardiogenic area and transverse septum. Regression of the primitive line and the sacro-coccygeal teratoma. Determination of the body axes: AVE, Hensen's node, notochord, primitive line and postero-anterior, dorso-ventral and left-right decreasing gradient of factors of the TGFbeta family (nodal and BMP). Differentiation of neural crests and importance of BMP, WNT and FGF.

FOURTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Lateral and cephalo-caudal folding and cylindrical definition of the body. Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Homeotic genes and the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. Molecular mechanisms of somitogenesis (clock and wavefront model).

ORGANOGENESIS
The ectoderm: epidermis and attached glands. Origin of melanoblasts, Merkel cells and Langherans cells. Development of placodes and neogenesis of hairs. Malformations: bullous epidermis, harlequin fetus, ectopic dysplasia, albinism.
The neuroectoderm: development of the neural tube. Eminence or caudal gem. Three to five brain vesicles. Derivatives of the walls and cavities of the five vesicles. Development of the pituitary gland. The spinal cord and the formation of the equine tail. Derivatives of the neuroepithelium: neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Radial glial cells. Differentiation of microglia cells. The peripheral nervous system and other derivatives of neural crest cells. Importance of BMP and SHH in the differential development of neurons in the spinal cord. NGF and neurotrophic factors. Malformations: rachisisis, spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele.
Development of the face and neck. Development and derivatives of the frontal process, arches, clefts and pharyngeal pouches. Stomodeum and buccopharyngeal membrane. Embryonic derivation of the cartilages, bones, muscles and nerves of the face. Development of the primitive and definitive palate, tongue and thyroid. Tooth development: four stages.
Malformations: cervical sinus, cleft lip (cleft lip), cleft palate, cleft lip and palate
The endoderm and the formation of the primitive intestine. Mesentery and peritoneal, retro peritoneal and secondarily retro peritoneal organs.
Anterior intestine: vascularization and development. Pharyngeal intestine, oesophagus, stomach, omentum, upper duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. Spleen. Development of the respiratory system. Formation of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm. Malformations: tracheal oesophagus fistula, atresia of the oesophagus, diaphragmatic hernia, stenosis and atresia of the duodenum, annular pancreas.
The middle intestine: small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and two thirds of the transverse colon. Rotations and vascularization. Malformations: Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, rotational and volcanic defects.
The primitive posterior intestine: the cloaca and its burial. Formation of the last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper part of the anal canal. Proctodeo. Bladder and urethra.
Development of the urogenital system. Hormonal and genetic formation and regulation (SRY, SOX9, FGF9) of the male and female gonads, genital tracts and external genitalia. Differentiation of PGCs. Egg reserve. Malformations: pseudohermaphroditism, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bicornuate uterus, tumors of germline origin.
Formation of the urinary system. Development of the ureters and kidneys: pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros. The mesonephric duct and the ureteral gem. Metanephric blastema. Functional maturation and ascent of the kidneys. Endodermal derivation of the bladder and urethra. The bladder trine. Molecular processes of the development of the collector system and nephrons (WNT1, GDNF, WNT4). Malformations: renal agenesis, supernumerary ureters and kidneys.
Outline of the development of the circulatory system. Angioblastic islands. Hematopoietic stem cells of the yolk sac and of the aorta-gonadal-mesonefric region. Locations of hematopoiesis before and after birth. The development of the heart. Foldings and expansions in the fourth week. Subdivision of the primitive atrium. Formation of endocardial cushions and signalling pathways involved. The heart at the end of the eighth week. FGF, VEGF and ANG1 in vasculogenesis. Outline of the arterial and venous system development. Fetal circulation and birth changes.
Development of the locomotor system. Somites development: sclerotome, dermatome, myotome. Derivation of the axial and appendicular skeleton and of the head and related muscles. Limb training. The ectodermal crest, the proliferation zone and the polarizing zone and the development of the limb in the three Cartesian axes. Malformations: polydactyly, phocomelia.
The embryonic appendages: placenta, allantoid, yolk sac, umbilical cord. Development, structure and function of the placenta. Placental hormones. The placental circulation. Decidual reaction: basal, capsular, parietal decidua. Angiogenesis and changes in the vascular wall. Immunological tolerance. Amnios and amniotic fluid. The dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Malformations: Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios. Fetal erythroblastosis and the Rh factor.

PRACTICAL HISTOLOGY
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organisation, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
- Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
- Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (oesophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
- Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
- Transitional epithelium (ureter)
- Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
- Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and oesophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
- Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
- Blood smear
- Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
- Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
- Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

READING MATERIALS
• Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
• Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th edition.
• Moore, Persaud, Torchia. The Developing Human: Clinically Orientend Embryology. Elsevier

Recalls of inorganic and organic chemistry –Chemical bonds. Carbohydrates – structure and function. Lipids – structure and function. Nucleotides, Purines and pyrimidines – structure and function. Amino acids – structure and function. Peptide bond and its characteristics. Peptides of biological relevance. Proteins – structure and function. Classification. Primary structure. Secondary structures: alfa-helix, beta-strand, collagen helix. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Relationship between primary structure and conformation. Denaturation and renaturation. Protein folding. Protein misfolding and related pathologies – β-amyloid, Alzheimer’s disease. Fibrous proteins. Globular proteins. Hemoproteins involved in the transport of gases (O2, CO2). The heme group. Tridimensional structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Mechanism of oxygen binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Oxygen affinity. Saturation curves, Bohr effect, cooperativity, Hill plot, homotropic and heterotropic interactions. The effect of 2,3-DPG. The Monod-Wyman and Changeux (MWC) model and the sequential model. T and R states. Heterogeneity of circulating hemoglobin. Methemoglobin reductase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and NADPH for the maintenance of hemoglobin functions. Deficit of G-6-PDH, oxidation of hemoglobin, malaria. Hemoglobinopathies. Enzymes – Classification. Coenzymes and vitamins. Avitaminosis and related pathologies. Enzymatic catalysis and regulation. The Michaelis-Menten equation. Km, Vmax, turnover number, Kcat/Km. Reversible and irreversible inhibition. Multimeric enzymes and allosteric regulation. Multi-enzymatic complexes. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Isoenzymes. Introduction to metabolism – general organization. Understanding pathways and metabolic maps. Catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetics. Energetically relevant molecules. Use of biochemical energy within the cell. Examples of regulation of metabolic sequences. Glucose as the fuel for energy production. The glucose transporter family – GLUT. Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. The biochemical reactions of glycolysis – Regulation of glycolysis. Glycolysis and cancer – Warburg effect. Reactions of the pentose phosphate shunt and its biochemical importance. Degradation of glycogen – glycogen phosphorylase and its hormonal control. Gluconeogenesis and other carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. Lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Anaerobic metabolism. Mechanism of pyruvate oxidation – the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Reactions of the citric acid cycle – Regulation of the cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation – The mitochondrion as the energetic plant of the cell. The scale of redox potential of biologically relevant molecules. The machinery for the electron transport: structure and function of the complexes I, II, III and IV. The sulphur-iron centers. The Q-cycle in the complex III. The electrochemical potential in electron transport. Oxygen utilization. The ATP synthase: structure and mechanism of action. The stoichiometry of electron transport, proton transport, oxygen consumption and ATP production. Brief introduction to mitochondrial dysfunction – the Mitochondrial Quality Control network in the control of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission and mitophagy); mitochondria as generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. ROS, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition. Absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Activation of lipolysis and transport of free fatty acids. Activation and transport of free fatty acids in mitochondria. The role of carnitine. The beta-oxidation reactions. Ketogenesis. Synthesis of fatty acids – Regulation of fatty acids metabolism. The biosynthesis of phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism Transamination and trans-deamination of amino acids. Selected examples of amino acid bio-transformations: production of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline from tyrosine; arginine as the source of nitric oxide. The urea cycle. Degradation of nucleotides. Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines and related pathologies –Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Adenosine deaminase deficiency. Degradation of heme: structure and function of biliary salts. Bioenergetics and regulation of fuel metabolism – energy metabolism disorders.

• David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox. “Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry” Seventh Edition – 2017. W. H. Freeman
• Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW. “Principles of Biochemistry (international student version)” IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.
• Christopher K. Mathews , Van Holde, K. E. “Biochemistry” IV edition –2012. Pearson.

Recalls of inorganic and organic chemistry –Chemical bonds. Carbohydrates – structure and function. Lipids – structure and function. Nucleotides, Purines and pyrimidines – structure and function. Amino acids – structure and function. Peptide bond and its characteristics. Peptides of biological relevance. Proteins – structure and function. Classification. Primary structure. Secondary structures: alfa-helix, beta-strand, collagen helix. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Relationship between primary structure and conformation. Denaturation and renaturation. Protein folding. Protein misfolding and related pathologies – β-amyloid, Alzheimer’s disease. Fibrous proteins. Globular proteins. Hemoproteins involved in the transport of gases (O2, CO2). The heme group. Tridimensional structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Mechanism of oxygen binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Oxygen affinity. Saturation curves, Bohr effect, cooperativity, Hill plot, homotropic and heterotropic interactions. The effect of 2,3-DPG. The Monod-Wyman and Changeux (MWC) model and the sequential model. T and R states. Heterogeneity of circulating hemoglobin. Methemoglobin reductase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and NADPH for the maintenance of hemoglobin functions. Deficit of G-6-PDH, oxidation of hemoglobin, malaria. Hemoglobinopathies. Enzymes – Classification. Coenzymes and vitamins. Avitaminosis and related pathologies. Enzymatic catalysis and regulation. The Michaelis-Menten equation. Km, Vmax, turnover number, Kcat/Km. Reversible and irreversible inhibition. Multimeric enzymes and allosteric regulation. Multi-enzymatic complexes. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Isoenzymes. Introduction to metabolism – general organization. Understanding pathways and metabolic maps. Catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetics. Energetically relevant molecules. Use of biochemical energy within the cell. Examples of regulation of metabolic sequences. Glucose as the fuel for energy production. The glucose transporter family – GLUT. Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. The biochemical reactions of glycolysis – Regulation of glycolysis. Glycolysis and cancer – Warburg effect. Reactions of the pentose phosphate shunt and its biochemical importance. Degradation of glycogen – glycogen phosphorylase and its hormonal control. Gluconeogenesis and other carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. Lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Anaerobic metabolism. Mechanism of pyruvate oxidation – the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Reactions of the citric acid cycle – Regulation of the cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation – The mitochondrion as the energetic plant of the cell. The scale of redox potential of biologically relevant molecules. The machinery for the electron transport: structure and function of the complexes I, II, III and IV. The sulphur-iron centers. The Q-cycle in the complex III. The electrochemical potential in electron transport. Oxygen utilization. The ATP synthase: structure and mechanism of action. The stoichiometry of electron transport, proton transport, oxygen consumption and ATP production. Brief introduction to mitochondrial dysfunction – the Mitochondrial Quality Control network in the control of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission and mitophagy); mitochondria as generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. ROS, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition. Absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Activation of lipolysis and transport of free fatty acids. Activation and transport of free fatty acids in mitochondria. The role of carnitine. The beta-oxidation reactions. Ketogenesis. Synthesis of fatty acids – Regulation of fatty acids metabolism. The biosynthesis of phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism Transamination and trans-deamination of amino acids. Selected examples of amino acid bio-transformations: production of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline from tyrosine; arginine as the source of nitric oxide. The urea cycle. Degradation of nucleotides. Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines and related pathologies –Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Adenosine deaminase deficiency. Degradation of heme: structure and function of biliary salts. Bioenergetics and regulation of fuel metabolism – energy metabolism disorders.

• David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox. “Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry” Seventh Edition – 2017. W. H. Freeman
• Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW. “Principles of Biochemistry (international student version)” IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.
• Christopher K. Mathews , Van Holde, K. E. “Biochemistry” IV edition –2012. Pearson.

Recalls of inorganic and organic chemistry –Chemical bonds. Carbohydrates – structure and function. Lipids – structure and function. Nucleotides, Purines and pyrimidines – structure and function. Amino acids – structure and function. Peptide bond and its characteristics. Peptides of biological relevance. Proteins – structure and function. Classification. Primary structure. Secondary structures: alfa-helix, beta-strand, collagen helix. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Relationship between primary structure and conformation. Denaturation and renaturation. Protein folding. Protein misfolding and related pathologies – β-amyloid, Alzheimer’s disease. Fibrous proteins. Globular proteins. Hemoproteins involved in the transport of gases (O2, CO2). The heme group. Tridimensional structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Mechanism of oxygen binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Oxygen affinity. Saturation curves, Bohr effect, cooperativity, Hill plot, homotropic and heterotropic interactions. The effect of 2,3-DPG. The Monod-Wyman and Changeux (MWC) model and the sequential model. T and R states. Heterogeneity of circulating hemoglobin. Methemoglobin reductase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and NADPH for the maintenance of hemoglobin functions. Deficit of G-6-PDH, oxidation of hemoglobin, malaria. Hemoglobinopathies. Enzymes – Classification. Coenzymes and vitamins. Avitaminosis and related pathologies. Enzymatic catalysis and regulation. The Michaelis-Menten equation. Km, Vmax, turnover number, Kcat/Km. Reversible and irreversible inhibition. Multimeric enzymes and allosteric regulation. Multi-enzymatic complexes. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Isoenzymes. Introduction to metabolism – general organization. Understanding pathways and metabolic maps. Catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetics. Energetically relevant molecules. Use of biochemical energy within the cell. Examples of regulation of metabolic sequences. Glucose as the fuel for energy production. The glucose transporter family – GLUT. Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. The biochemical reactions of glycolysis – Regulation of glycolysis. Glycolysis and cancer – Warburg effect. Reactions of the pentose phosphate shunt and its biochemical importance. Degradation of glycogen – glycogen phosphorylase and its hormonal control. Gluconeogenesis and other carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. Lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Anaerobic metabolism. Mechanism of pyruvate oxidation – the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Reactions of the citric acid cycle – Regulation of the cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation – The mitochondrion as the energetic plant of the cell. The scale of redox potential of biologically relevant molecules. The machinery for the electron transport: structure and function of the complexes I, II, III and IV. The sulphur-iron centers. The Q-cycle in the complex III. The electrochemical potential in electron transport. Oxygen utilization. The ATP synthase: structure and mechanism of action. The stoichiometry of electron transport, proton transport, oxygen consumption and ATP production. Brief introduction to mitochondrial dysfunction – the Mitochondrial Quality Control network in the control of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission and mitophagy); mitochondria as generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. ROS, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition. Absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Activation of lipolysis and transport of free fatty acids. Activation and transport of free fatty acids in mitochondria. The role of carnitine. The beta-oxidation reactions. Ketogenesis. Synthesis of fatty acids – Regulation of fatty acids metabolism. The biosynthesis of phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism Transamination and trans-deamination of amino acids. Selected examples of amino acid bio-transformations: production of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline from tyrosine; arginine as the source of nitric oxide. The urea cycle. Degradation of nucleotides. Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines and related pathologies –Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Adenosine deaminase deficiency. Degradation of heme: structure and function of biliary salts. Bioenergetics and regulation of fuel metabolism – energy metabolism disorders.

• David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox. “Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry” Seventh Edition – 2017. W. H. Freeman
• Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW. “Principles of Biochemistry (international student version)” IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.
• Christopher K. Mathews , Van Holde, K. E. “Biochemistry” IV edition –2012. Pearson.

Recalls of inorganic and organic chemistry –Chemical bonds. Carbohydrates – structure and function. Lipids – structure and function. Nucleotides, Purines and pyrimidines – structure and function. Amino acids – structure and function. Peptide bond and its characteristics. Peptides of biological relevance. Proteins – structure and function. Classification. Primary structure. Secondary structures: alfa-helix, beta-strand, collagen helix. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Relationship between primary structure and conformation. Denaturation and renaturation. Protein folding. Protein misfolding and related pathologies – β-amyloid, Alzheimer’s disease. Fibrous proteins. Globular proteins. Hemoproteins involved in the transport of gases (O2, CO2). The heme group. Tridimensional structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Mechanism of oxygen binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Oxygen affinity. Saturation curves, Bohr effect, cooperativity, Hill plot, homotropic and heterotropic interactions. The effect of 2,3-DPG. The Monod-Wyman and Changeux (MWC) model and the sequential model. T and R states. Heterogeneity of circulating hemoglobin. Methemoglobin reductase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and NADPH for the maintenance of hemoglobin functions. Deficit of G-6-PDH, oxidation of hemoglobin, malaria. Hemoglobinopathies. Enzymes – Classification. Coenzymes and vitamins. Avitaminosis and related pathologies. Enzymatic catalysis and regulation. The Michaelis-Menten equation. Km, Vmax, turnover number, Kcat/Km. Reversible and irreversible inhibition. Multimeric enzymes and allosteric regulation. Multi-enzymatic complexes. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Isoenzymes. Introduction to metabolism – general organization. Understanding pathways and metabolic maps. Catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetics. Energetically relevant molecules. Use of biochemical energy within the cell. Examples of regulation of metabolic sequences. Glucose as the fuel for energy production. The glucose transporter family – GLUT. Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. The biochemical reactions of glycolysis – Regulation of glycolysis. Glycolysis and cancer – Warburg effect. Reactions of the pentose phosphate shunt and its biochemical importance. Degradation of glycogen – glycogen phosphorylase and its hormonal control. Gluconeogenesis and other carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. Lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Anaerobic metabolism. Mechanism of pyruvate oxidation – the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Reactions of the citric acid cycle – Regulation of the cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation – The mitochondrion as the energetic plant of the cell. The scale of redox potential of biologically relevant molecules. The machinery for the electron transport: structure and function of the complexes I, II, III and IV. The sulphur-iron centers. The Q-cycle in the complex III. The electrochemical potential in electron transport. Oxygen utilization. The ATP synthase: structure and mechanism of action. The stoichiometry of electron transport, proton transport, oxygen consumption and ATP production. Brief introduction to mitochondrial dysfunction – the Mitochondrial Quality Control network in the control of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission and mitophagy); mitochondria as generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. ROS, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition. Absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Activation of lipolysis and transport of free fatty acids. Activation and transport of free fatty acids in mitochondria. The role of carnitine. The beta-oxidation reactions. Ketogenesis. Synthesis of fatty acids – Regulation of fatty acids metabolism. The biosynthesis of phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism Transamination and trans-deamination of amino acids. Selected examples of amino acid bio-transformations: production of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline from tyrosine; arginine as the source of nitric oxide. The urea cycle. Degradation of nucleotides. Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines and related pathologies –Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Adenosine deaminase deficiency. Degradation of heme: structure and function of biliary salts. Bioenergetics and regulation of fuel metabolism – energy metabolism disorders.

• David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox. “Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry” Seventh Edition – 2017. W. H. Freeman
• Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW. “Principles of Biochemistry (international student version)” IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.
• Christopher K. Mathews , Van Holde, K. E. “Biochemistry” IV edition –2012. Pearson.

Structure and replication of DNA; genome and exome; genome organization: viruses, bacteria, eucariotic cells; genome alteration and mechanisms of evolution; mechanisms of DNA repair; control of gene expression: promoters and enhancers.
Structure and function of various RNA species; mRNA processing.
Genome editing and gene therapy concepts, development and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Fundamentals of protein synthesis: translation initiation, elongation and termination; post-translational modifications.
DNA and RNA study methods: targeted enzymatic amplification and detection of nucleic acids; DNA sequencing, classical and high throughput next generation methods (NGS); use of sequencing for diagnostic, epidemiologic and forensic applications.

Molecular Biology
• WATSON James D , BAKER Tania A , BELL Stephen P , GANN Alexander , LEVINE Michael , LOSICK Richard Molecular Biology of the Gene (7th ed) COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice; W H Freeman & Co; 2 edition (16 March 2015)
Amaldi, Benedetti, Pesole, Plevani, Biologia Molecolare (Edizione 3), 2018

Structure and replication of DNA; genome and exome; genome organization: viruses, bacteria, eucariotic cells; genome alteration and mechanisms of evolution; mechanisms of DNA repair; control of gene expression: promoters and enhancers.
Structure and function of various RNA species; mRNA processing.
Genome editing and gene therapy concepts, development and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Fundamentals of protein synthesis: translation initiation, elongation and termination; post-translational modifications.
DNA and RNA study methods: targeted enzymatic amplification and detection of nucleic acids; DNA sequencing, classical and high throughput next generation methods (NGS); use of sequencing for diagnostic, epidemiologic and forensic applications.

Molecular Biology
• WATSON James D , BAKER Tania A , BELL Stephen P , GANN Alexander , LEVINE Michael , LOSICK Richard. Biologia molecolare del gene (Edizione 7) Zanichelli 2015;
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. Biologia Molecolare. Principi e tecniche, Zanichelli 2013
• Amaldi, Benedetti, Pesole, Plevani, Biologia Molecolare (Edizione 3), 2018

Molecular Biology

Structure and replication of DNA; genome and exome; genome organization: viruses, bacteria, eucariotic cells; genome alteration and mechanisms of evolution; mechanisms of DNA repair; control of gene expression: promoters and enhancers.
Structure and function of various RNA species; mRNA processing.
Genome editing and gene therapy concepts, development and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Fundamentals of protein synthesis: translation initiation, elongation and termination; post-translational modifications.
DNA and RNA study methods: targeted enzymatic amplification and detection of nucleic acids; DNA sequencing, classical and high throughput next generation methods (NGS); use of sequencing for diagnostic, epidemiologic and forensic applications.

Molecular Biology

• WATSON James D , BAKER Tania A , BELL Stephen P , GANN Alexander , LEVINE Michael , LOSICK Richard Molecular Biology of the Gene (7th ed) COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice; W H Freeman & Co; 2 edition (16 March 2015)

Structure and replication of DNA; genome and exome; genome organization: viruses, bacteria, eucariotic cells; genome alteration and mechanisms of evolution; mechanisms of DNA repair; control of gene expression: promoters and enhancers.
Structure and function of various RNA species; mRNA processing.
Genome editing and gene therapy concepts, development and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Fundamentals of protein synthesis: translation initiation, elongation and termination; post-translational modifications.
DNA and RNA study methods: targeted enzymatic amplification and detection of nucleic acids; DNA sequencing, classical and high throughput next generation methods (NGS); use of sequencing for diagnostic, epidemiologic and forensic applications.

Molecular Biology
• WATSON James D , BAKER Tania A , BELL Stephen P , GANN Alexander , LEVINE Michael , LOSICK Richard. Biologia molecolare del gene (Edizione 7) Zanichelli 2015;
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. Biologia Molecolare. Principi e tecniche, Zanichelli 2013
• Amaldi, Benedetti, Pesole, Plevani, Biologia Molecolare (Edizione 3), 2018

Structure and replication of DNA; genome and exome; genome organization: viruses, bacteria, eucariotic cells; genome alteration and mechanisms of evolution; mechanisms of DNA repair; control of gene expression: promoters and enhancers.
Structure and function of various RNA species; mRNA processing.
Genome editing and gene therapy concepts, development and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Fundamentals of protein synthesis: translation initiation, elongation and termination; post-translational modifications.
DNA and RNA study methods: targeted enzymatic amplification and detection of nucleic acids; DNA sequencing, classical and high throughput next generation methods (NGS); use of sequencing for diagnostic, epidemiologic and forensic applications.

Molecular Biology
• WATSON James D , BAKER Tania A , BELL Stephen P , GANN Alexander , LEVINE Michael , LOSICK Richard. Biologia molecolare del gene (Edizione 7) Zanichelli 2015;
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. Biologia Molecolare. Principi e tecniche, Zanichelli 2013
• Amaldi, Benedetti, Pesole, Plevani, Biologia Molecolare (Edizione 3), 2018

Molecular Biology

Structure and replication of DNA; genome and exome; genome organization: viruses, bacteria, eucariotic cells; genome alteration and mechanisms of evolution; mechanisms of DNA repair; control of gene expression: promoters and enhancers.
Structure and function of various RNA species; mRNA processing.
Genome editing and gene therapy concepts, development and application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Fundamentals of protein synthesis: translation initiation, elongation and termination; post-translational modifications.
DNA and RNA study methods: targeted enzymatic amplification and detection of nucleic acids; DNA sequencing, classical and high throughput next generation methods (NGS); use of sequencing for diagnostic, epidemiologic and forensic applications.

Molecular Biology

• WATSON James D , BAKER Tania A , BELL Stephen P , GANN Alexander , LEVINE Michael , LOSICK Richard Molecular Biology of the Gene (7th ed) COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice; W H Freeman & Co; 2 edition (16 March 2015)

- SPLANCNOLOGY AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I).
Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses.
Digestive system: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas.
Urinary system: kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system.
Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

- NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system: sensory receptors (proprioceptors and exteroceptors), neurons, glia, myelin, synapses.
General organization of the pathways of conscious and unconscious sensitivity and motor pathways.

Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord, reflex arcs.

Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.

Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.

Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.

Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.

Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity.Cranial nerve nuclei and their functional specialization. General organization of nerve plexuses.

Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.

Autonomic nervous system: general organization of the vegetative nervous system; parasympathetic and orthosympathetic.

Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Plexus organization and regional innervation study.

Sense organs: anatomy, histology and nerve pathways of the eye, ear, smell and taste

Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Anastasi et al.), editore Edi- Ermes
Anatomia del Gray (ultiima edizione), editore Elsevier-Masson

ATLAS: Netter, editore Elsevier-Masson oppure Prometheus-Universita', editore UTET
Sobotta, ultima edizione, editore Elsevier-Masson

Integrative books: Neuroanatomia (English version): Clinical Neuroanatomy (R. Snell), ultima edizione, editore Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

COURSE SYLLABUS
SPLANCNOLOGY Torax: Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I). Abdomen: Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses. Digestive system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization) esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas. Urinary system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization): kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization). Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system (Neurons, Glial cells, synapses):
Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord..
Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.
Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.
Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.
Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.
Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity. Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.
MICROSCOPY ANATOMY: The study of normal structure of main human organs described during the class under the microscope.

Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Anastasi et al.), editore Edi- Ermes
Anatomia del Gray (ultima edizione), editore Elsevier-Masson

ATLANTI/ATLAS: Netter, editore Elsevier-Masson oppure Prometheus-Universita', editore UTET
Sobotta, ultima edizione, editore Elsevier-Masson

N.B: TESTI INTEGRATIVI/Integrative books: Neuroanatomia (in lingua inglese):
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

COURSE SYLLABUS
SPLANCNOLOGY Torax: Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I). Abdomen: Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses. Digestive system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization) esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas. Urinary system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization): kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization). Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system (Neurons, Glial cells, synapses):
Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord..
Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.
Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.
Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.
Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.
Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity. Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.
MICROSCOPY ANATOMY: The study of normal structure of main human organs described during the class under the microscope.

TESTI CONSIGLIATI E BIBLIOGRAFIA/READING MATERIALS

Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Anastasi et al.), editore Edi- Ermes
Anatomia del Gray (ultima edizione), editore Elsevier-Masson

ATLANTI/ATLAS: Netter, editore Elsevier-Masson oppure Prometheus-Universita', editore UTET
Sobotta, ultima edizione, editore Elsevier-Masson

N.B: TESTI INTEGRATIVI/Integrative books: Neuroanatomia (in lingua inglese):
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

- SPLANCNOLOGY AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I).
Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses.
Digestive system: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas.
Urinary system: kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system.
Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

- NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system: sensory receptors (proprioceptors and exteroceptors), neurons, glia, myelin, synapses.
General organization of the pathways of conscious and unconscious sensitivity and motor pathways.

Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord, reflex arcs.

Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.

Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.

Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.

Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.

Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity.Cranial nerve nuclei and their functional specialization. General organization of nerve plexuses.

Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.

Autonomic nervous system: general organization of the vegetative nervous system; parasympathetic and orthosympathetic.

Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Plexus organization and regional innervation study.

Sense organs: anatomy, histology and nerve pathways of the eye, ear, smell and taste

Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Anastasi et al.), editore Edi- Ermes
Anatomia del Gray (ultiima edizione), editore Elsevier-Masson

ATLAS: Netter, editore Elsevier-Masson oppure Prometheus-Universita', editore UTET
Sobotta, ultima edizione, editore Elsevier-Masson

Integrative books: Neuroanatomia (English version): Clinical Neuroanatomy (R. Snell), ultima edizione, editore Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

COURSE SYLLABUS
SPLANCNOLOGY Torax: Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I). Abdomen: Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses. Digestive system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization) esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas. Urinary system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization): kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization). Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system (Neurons, Glial cells, synapses):
Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord..
Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.
Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.
Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.
Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.
Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity. Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.
MICROSCOPY ANATOMY: The study of normal structure of main human organs described during the class under the microscope.

TESTI CONSIGLIATI E BIBLIOGRAFIA/READING MATERIALS

Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Anastasi et al.), editore Edi- Ermes
Anatomia del Gray (ultima edizione), editore Elsevier-Masson

ATLANTI/ATLAS: Netter, editore Elsevier-Masson oppure Prometheus-Universita', editore UTET
Sobotta, ultima edizione, editore Elsevier-Masson

N.B: TESTI INTEGRATIVI/Integrative books: Neuroanatomia (in lingua inglese):
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

COURSE SYLLABUS
SPLANCNOLOGY Torax: Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I). Abdomen: Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses. Digestive system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization) esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas. Urinary system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization): kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system (Anatomical relations, innervation and vascolarization). Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system (Neurons, Glial cells, synapses):
Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord..
Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.
Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.
Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.
Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.
Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity. Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.
MICROSCOPY ANATOMY: The study of normal structure of main human organs described during the class under the microscope.

TESTI CONSIGLIATI E BIBLIOGRAFIA/READING MATERIALS

Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Anastasi et al.), editore Edi- Ermes
Anatomia del Gray (ultima edizione), editore Elsevier-Masson

ATLANTI/ATLAS: Netter, editore Elsevier-Masson oppure Prometheus-Universita', editore UTET
Sobotta, ultima edizione, editore Elsevier-Masson

N.B: TESTI INTEGRATIVI/Integrative books: Neuroanatomia (in lingua inglese):
Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Editino by Ryan Splittgerber Ph.D.
Gray's Clinical Neuroanatomy, by Elliott L. Mancall & David G. Brock

- General Bacteriology:
Criteria for bacterial taxonomy and classification. The architecture of the bacterial cell : the bacterial chromosome, the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram staining. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Capsule. Flagella. Pili and fimbriae. Metabolism and bacterial growth: the production of bacterial spores. Bacterial genetics: chromosome and plasmids. The transfer of genetic material : transformation, transduction and bacterial conjugation. The pathogenic activity of bacteria and the stages of the infectious process. The bacterial adhesiveness, the ability to invade hosts, the production of toxins. Structure and mechanisms of action of exotoxins and endotoxins. The role of innate and cell-mediated immunity in bacterial infections. Immune sera and vaccines. General principles for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases. Antibacterial drugs and their mechanism of action. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibacterial drugs.

- Special Bacteriology: Staphylococci. Streptococci. Pneumococci and Enterococci. Bacilli and Clostridia. Corynebacteria and Listeria. Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas. Vibrio, Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Emophili, Bordetella and Brucella. Yersinie and Pasteurelle. Neisseria. Anaerobic microorganisms. Legionella. Mycobacteria. Spirochetes. Mycoplasma. Rickettsiae. Chlamydiae. Gardnerella.

- MYCOLOGY
Fungi : structure, replication and dimorphism. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
Fungal infections by opportunistic fungi. Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. Mechanisms of action of antifungal agents.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Bacteriology:
Criteria for bacterial taxonomy and classification. The architecture of the bacterial cell : the bacterial chromosome, the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram staining. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Capsule. Flagella. Pili and fimbriae. Metabolism and bacterial growth: the production of bacterial spores. Bacterial genetics: chromosome and plasmids. The transfer of genetic material : transformation, transduction and bacterial conjugation. The pathogenic activity of bacteria and the stages of the infectious process. The bacterial adhesiveness, the ability to invade hosts, the production of toxins. Structure and mechanisms of action of exotoxins and endotoxins. The role of innate and cell-mediated immunity in bacterial infections. Immune sera and vaccines. General principles for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases. Antibacterial drugs and their mechanism of action. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibacterial drugs.

- Special Bacteriology: Staphylococci. Streptococci. Pneumococci and Enterococci. Bacilli and Clostridia. Corynebacteria and Listeria. Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas. Vibrio, Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Emophili, Bordetella and Brucella. Yersinie and Pasteurelle. Neisseria. Anaerobic microorganisms. Legionella. Mycobacteria. Spirochetes. Mycoplasma. Rickettsiae. Chlamydiae. Gardnerella.

- MYCOLOGY
Fungi : structure, replication and dimorphism. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
Fungal infections by opportunistic fungi. Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. Mechanisms of action of antifungal agents.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Bacteriology:
Criteria for bacterial taxonomy and classification. The architecture of the bacterial cell : the bacterial chromosome, the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram staining. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Capsule. Flagella. Pili and fimbriae. Metabolism and bacterial growth: the production of bacterial spores. Bacterial genetics: chromosome and plasmids. The transfer of genetic material : transformation, transduction and bacterial conjugation. The pathogenic activity of bacteria and the stages of the infectious process. The bacterial adhesiveness, the ability to invade hosts, the production of toxins. Structure and mechanisms of action of exotoxins and endotoxins. The role of innate and cell-mediated immunity in bacterial infections. Immune sera and vaccines. General principles for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases. Antibacterial drugs and their mechanism of action. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibacterial drugs.

- Special Bacteriology: Staphylococci. Streptococci. Pneumococci and Enterococci. Bacilli and Clostridia. Corynebacteria and Listeria. Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas. Vibrio, Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Emophili, Bordetella and Brucella. Yersinie and Pasteurelle. Neisseria. Anaerobic microorganisms. Legionella. Mycobacteria. Spirochetes. Mycoplasma. Rickettsiae. Chlamydiae. Gardnerella.

- MYCOLOGY
Fungi : structure, replication and dimorphism. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
Fungal infections by opportunistic fungi. Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. Mechanisms of action of antifungal agents.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Bacteriology:
Criteria for bacterial taxonomy and classification. The architecture of the bacterial cell : the bacterial chromosome, the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram staining. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Capsule. Flagella. Pili and fimbriae. Metabolism and bacterial growth: the production of bacterial spores. Bacterial genetics: chromosome and plasmids. The transfer of genetic material : transformation, transduction and bacterial conjugation. The pathogenic activity of bacteria and the stages of the infectious process. The bacterial adhesiveness, the ability to invade hosts, the production of toxins. Structure and mechanisms of action of exotoxins and endotoxins. The role of innate and cell-mediated immunity in bacterial infections. Immune sera and vaccines. General principles for the diagnosis of bacterial diseases. Antibacterial drugs and their mechanism of action. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibacterial drugs.

- Special Bacteriology: Staphylococci. Streptococci. Pneumococci and Enterococci. Bacilli and Clostridia. Corynebacteria and Listeria. Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas. Vibrio, Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Emophili, Bordetella and Brucella. Yersinie and Pasteurelle. Neisseria. Anaerobic microorganisms. Legionella. Mycobacteria. Spirochetes. Mycoplasma. Rickettsiae. Chlamydiae. Gardnerella.

- MYCOLOGY
Fungi : structure, replication and dimorphism. Mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
Fungal infections by opportunistic fungi. Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic mycoses. Mechanisms of action of antifungal agents.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Virology:
Nature, origin and morphology of viruses, viral nucleic acids, proteins and lipids viral multiplication of animal viruses, virus-cell interaction.
State of persistence and latency of the genome in the cell, host cell cultures, multiplication cycle, virus isolation animals, adaptation and virulence, inactivation of viruses, physical and chemical agents, cell surface antigens encoded by the virus, the immune response to viral infection. Interferons. Vaccines and antiviral chemotherapy.

- Special Virology:
Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, Poxivirus, Papovavirus, Parvovirus, Picornavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus, Rhabdovirus. Togavirus and other viruses transmitted by insects. Filovirus. Rubella virus. Reovirus and Rotavirus. Hepatitis A virus. Retroviruses. Human Retroviruses. RNA and DNA tumor viruses. Prions.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Virology:
Nature, origin and morphology of viruses, viral nucleic acids, proteins and lipids viral multiplication of animal viruses, virus-cell interaction.
State of persistence and latency of the genome in the cell, host cell cultures, multiplication cycle, virus isolation animals, adaptation and virulence, inactivation of viruses, physical and chemical agents, cell surface antigens encoded by the virus, the immune response to viral infection. Interferons. Vaccines and antiviral chemotherapy.

- Special Virology:
Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, Poxivirus, Papovavirus, Parvovirus, Picornavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus, Rhabdovirus. Togavirus and other viruses transmitted by insects. Filovirus. Rubella virus. Reovirus and Rotavirus. Hepatitis A virus. Retroviruses. Human Retroviruses. RNA and DNA tumor viruses. Prions.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Virology:
Nature, origin and morphology of viruses, viral nucleic acids, proteins and lipids viral multiplication of animal viruses, virus-cell interaction.
State of persistence and latency of the genome in the cell, host cell cultures, multiplication cycle, virus isolation animals, adaptation and virulence, inactivation of viruses, physical and chemical agents, cell surface antigens encoded by the virus, the immune response to viral infection. Interferons. Vaccines and antiviral chemotherapy.

- Special Virology:
Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, Poxivirus, Papovavirus, Parvovirus, Picornavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus, Rhabdovirus. Togavirus and other viruses transmitted by insects. Filovirus. Rubella virus. Reovirus and Rotavirus. Hepatitis A virus. Retroviruses. Human Retroviruses. RNA and DNA tumor viruses. Prions.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Virology:
Nature, origin and morphology of viruses, viral nucleic acids, proteins and lipids viral multiplication of animal viruses, virus-cell interaction.
State of persistence and latency of the genome in the cell, host cell cultures, multiplication cycle, virus isolation animals, adaptation and virulence, inactivation of viruses, physical and chemical agents, cell surface antigens encoded by the virus, the immune response to viral infection. Interferons. Vaccines and antiviral chemotherapy.

- Special Virology:
Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, Poxivirus, Papovavirus, Parvovirus, Picornavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus, Rhabdovirus. Togavirus and other viruses transmitted by insects. Filovirus. Rubella virus. Reovirus and Rotavirus. Hepatitis A virus. Retroviruses. Human Retroviruses. RNA and DNA tumor viruses. Prions.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Parasitology:
Systematics and Zoological Nomenclature. Biological associations. General information on the life cycles of parasites, parasitic specificity, host-parasite interactions and pathogenic action of parasites. Parasitic diseases of medical importance. Fight against parasitic diseases.

- Special Parasitology:
Parasitic protozoans: Amoebe. Flagellates. Ciliates. Sporozoans. Parasitic Metazoans: Trematodes. Cestodes. Nematodes. Vectors of parasitoses.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

- General Parasitology:
Systematics and Zoological Nomenclature. Biological associations. General information on the life cycles of parasites, parasitic specificity, host-parasite interactions and pathogenic action of parasites. Parasitic diseases of medical importance. Fight against parasitic diseases.

- Special Parasitology:
Parasitic protozoans: Amoebe. Flagellates. Ciliates. Sporozoans. Parasitic Metazoans: Trematodes. Cestodes. Nematodes. Vectors of parasitoses.

Medical Microbiology 8th edition by Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Imprint: Elsevier. Published date: 28th October 2015 Paperback ISBN: 9780323299565.

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (da integrare per il Sistema Nervoso)
• Fisiologia dell’esercizio. W. D. Mcardle, F. I. Katch, V. L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (da integrare per il Sistema Nervoso)
• Fisiologia dell’esercizio. W. D. Mcardle, F. I. Katch, V. L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

PHYSIOLOGY
Cellular and muscle physiology and of the cardiocirculatory system.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medulla.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

METHODS AND DIDACTICS OF MOTOR ACTIVITIES.
Energy systems involved in exercise. The role of lactate in exercise physiology. Oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise and recovery. Maximal Oxygen Consumption. Physical capacity evaluation. Principles of physical exercise prescription. Exercise training for health as prevention, rehabilitation and treatment of chronic diseases.

• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (da integrare per il Sistema Nervoso)
• Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. W. D. Mcardle, F. I. Katch, V. L. Katch, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

METHODS AND DIDACTICS OF MOTOR ACTIVITIES.
Energy systems involved in exercise. The role of lactate in exercise physiology. Oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise and recovery. Maximal Oxygen Consumption. Physical capacity evaluation. Principles of physical exercise prescription. Exercise training for health as prevention, rehabilitation and treatment of chronic diseases.

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

SYLLABUS

PHYSIOLOGY
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Elements of renal function. Glomerular filtration. Tubular transport mechanisms. Tubular functions. Integrated renal functions. Kidney, the path of blood through the kidney; the nephron, filtration, the factors that determine it and the methods with which it is measured; secretion and reabsorption. Acid-base physiology. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urination.
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adapation to physical exercise.

READING MATERIALS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

FISIOLOGIA
Organi di senso
Sistema visivo: anatomia del sistema visivo, gli occhi, i fotorecettori, la retina, le connessioni tra occhio e cervello, la codifica dell’informazione visiva nella retina, la corteccia visiva extrastriata, la corteccia visiva associativa. Sistema uditivo: anatomia dell’orecchio, la via uditiva, percezione delle caratteristiche dei suoni. Sistema vestibolare: anatomia dell’apparato vestibolare, le cellule recettoriali, la via vestibolare. Sistema Olfattivo: anatomia dell’apparato olfattivo, trasduzione dell’informazione olfattiva, la percezione di odori. Sistema gustativo: l’anatomia dei bottoni gustativi e delle cellule gustative, la percezione dell’informazione gustativa, la via gustativa.
Sangue ed emostasi
Caratteristiche e Funzioni del sangue. Composizione del plasma. Globuli rossi e globuli bianchi Gruppo sanguigno e fattore Rh. Emostasi. Fase coagulativa e fattori della coagulazione. Meccanismi della coagulazione.
Fisiologia del Sistema Renale ed Apparato Urinario
Elementi della funzione renale. Filtrazione glomerulare. Meccanismi di trasporto tubulare. Funzioni tubulari. Funzioni renali integrate. Rene, il percorso del sangue attraverso il rene; il nefrone, filtrazione, i fattori che la determinano e i metodi con cui viene misurata; secrezione e riassorbimento. Fisiologia acido-base. Vie urinarie. Ureteri, vescica e uretra. Minzione.
Fisiologia dell'Apparato Digerente
Principi generali della funzione dell’apparato digerente. Funzioni secretorie dell’apparato digerente. Motilità. Ruolo del sistema nervoso autonomo e degli ormoni gastrointestinali. Digestione ed assorbimento. Funzione del fegato.
Sistema endocrino
Gli ormoni: meccanismo d’azione. Ormoni ipofisari e loro controllo ipotalamico. Ghiandola tiroide. Ghiandola Surrenale. Controllo dell’accrescimento. Regolazione del metabolismo del calcio e del fosfato. Pancreas endocrino e metabolismo glicemico. Sistema riproduttivo femminile: ciclo ovarico e ciclo mestruale.
Termoregolazione e bilancio energetico
Adattamenti all’esercizio fisico

READING MATERIALS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

SYLLABUS

PHYSIOLOGY
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Elements of renal function. Glomerular filtration. Tubular transport mechanisms. Tubular functions. Integrated renal functions. Kidney, the path of blood through the kidney; the nephron, filtration, the factors that determine it and the methods with which it is measured; secretion and reabsorption. Acid-base physiology. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urination.
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adapation to physical exercise.

READING MATERIALS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

SYLLABUS

PHYSIOLOGY
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Elements of renal function. Glomerular filtration. Tubular transport mechanisms. Tubular functions. Integrated renal functions. Kidney, the path of blood through the kidney; the nephron, filtration, the factors that determine it and the methods with which it is measured; secretion and reabsorption. Acid-base physiology. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urination.
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adapation to physical exercise.

• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (da integrare per il Sistema Nervoso)
• Fisiologia dell’esercizio. W. D. Mcardle, F. I. Katch, V. L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

Sensory Physiology
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features, development and function of blood. Plasma and serum. Blood elements. Red blood cells: development, features and functions. White blood cells: development, features and functions. Platelets: development, features and functions. Hemoglobin and blood buffering systems. Blood groups. Receptors involved in the function of blood elements. Hemostasis and Coagulation
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Development and structure of the kidney and urinary tract. Vasculature and blood pressure through the kidney. The nephron, Bowman's capsule, proximal tract, loop of Henle, distal tract, collecting tubules, collecting ducts: structure and functions. Elements of renal function: urine formation, hematopoiesis, general, hormonal and bone metabolism, electrochemical balance, blood volume, arterial pressure (juxtaglomerular apparatus; intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms on arterial pressure control). Glomerular filtration rate and plasma filtration rate. NET filtration pressure. Mechanism of filtration, secretion, reabsorption and elimination. Receptors involved in renal physiology. Renal clearance. Tubular transport: mechanisms and measurements. Acid-base mechanisms and buffering systems. Acidosis and alkalosis
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adaptation to physical exercise.

• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

SYLLABUS

PHYSIOLOGY
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Elements of renal function. Glomerular filtration. Tubular transport mechanisms. Tubular functions. Integrated renal functions. Kidney, the path of blood through the kidney; the nephron, filtration, the factors that determine it and the methods with which it is measured; secretion and reabsorption. Acid-base physiology. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urination.
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adapation to physical exercise.

Testi consigliati
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (da integrare per il Sistema Nervoso)
• Fisiologia dell’esercizio. W. D. Mcardle, F. I. Katch, V. L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

SYLLABUS

PHYSIOLOGY
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Elements of renal function. Glomerular filtration. Tubular transport mechanisms. Tubular functions. Integrated renal functions. Kidney, the path of blood through the kidney; the nephron, filtration, the factors that determine it and the methods with which it is measured; secretion and reabsorption. Acid-base physiology. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urination.
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adapation to physical exercise.

READING MATERIALS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

SYLLABUS

PHYSIOLOGY
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Elements of renal function. Glomerular filtration. Tubular transport mechanisms. Tubular functions. Integrated renal functions. Kidney, the path of blood through the kidney; the nephron, filtration, the factors that determine it and the methods with which it is measured; secretion and reabsorption. Acid-base physiology. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urination.
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adapation to physical exercise.

READING MATERIALS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

SYLLABUS

PHYSIOLOGY
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Elements of renal function. Glomerular filtration. Tubular transport mechanisms. Tubular functions. Integrated renal functions. Kidney, the path of blood through the kidney; the nephron, filtration, the factors that determine it and the methods with which it is measured; secretion and reabsorption. Acid-base physiology. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urination.
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adapation to physical exercise.

READING MATERIALS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

Sensory Physiology
Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
Blood and hemostasis
Features, development and function of blood. Plasma and serum. Blood elements. Red blood cells: development, features and functions. White blood cells: development, features and functions. Platelets: development, features and functions. Hemoglobin and blood buffering systems. Blood groups. Receptors involved in the function of blood elements. Hemostasis and Coagulation
Physiology of the Renal and Urinary System
Development and structure of the kidney and urinary tract. Vasculature and blood pressure through the kidney. The nephron, Bowman's capsule, proximal tract, loop of Henle, distal tract, collecting tubules, collecting ducts: structure and functions. Elements of renal function: urine formation, hematopoiesis, general, hormonal and bone metabolism, electrochemical balance, blood volume, arterial pressure (juxtaglomerular apparatus; intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms on arterial pressure control). Glomerular filtration rate and plasma filtration rate. NET filtration pressure. Mechanism of filtration, secretion, reabsorption and elimination. Receptors involved in renal physiology. Renal clearance. Tubular transport: mechanisms and measurements. Acid-base mechanisms and buffering systems. Acidosis and alkalosis
Physiology of the Digestive System
Digestive system. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility. and salivary glands. Role of the autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
Endocrine system
Hormones: mechanism of action. Pituitary hormones and hypothalamic control. The Thyroid gland. The adrenal gland. Endocrin regulation of growth. Control of Calcium and phosphate metabolism. The endocrine pancreas and glucose metabolism. The female reproductive system: ovaric cycle and menstrual cycle.
Control of temperature and Energy metabolism.
Adaptation to physical exercise.

• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

METHODS AND DIDACTIC APPROACHES OF SPORTS ACTIVITIES
The “workout”. Principles of Training. Overload Components. Motor skills. Supercompensation. Training planning. Sensperception. Motor learning. Train the Resistance. Train the Strength. Train the Speed. Train coordinative skills. Didactic approaches to training.

READING MATERIALS
• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (to be integrated for the Nervous System)
• Essentials of Exercise Physiology. W.D. Mcardle, F.I. Katch, V.L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

METHODS AND DIDACTIC APPROACHES OF SPORTS ACTIVITIES
The “workout”. Principles of Training. Overload Components. Motor skills. Supercompensation. Training planning. Sensperception. Motor learning. Train the Resistance. Train the Strength. Train the Speed. Train coordinative skills. Didactic approaches to training.

• Human Physiology. Sherwood. Editore: Brooks/Cole
• Medical Physiology. Guyton and Hall. Editore: Saunders
• Neuroscience. Purves. Editore: OUP USA (da integrare per il Sistema Nervoso)
• Fisiologia dell’esercizio. W. D. Mcardle, F. I. Katch, V. L. Katch, Casa Editrice Piccin

COURSE SYLLABUS
Immunology
General characteristics of the immune response. Innate immunity. Cells and tissues of the immune system. Leukocyte migration. Antibodies and repertoire diversity. Monoclonal antibodies. B lymphocyte development and humoral immunity. Complement. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. T lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity.

Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity disorders. Immunologic tolerance and autoimmunity. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Transplantation immunology. Immunity to tumors.

READING MATERIALS
-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbook: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition, Abul Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
Immunology
General characteristics of the immune response. Innate immunity. Cells and tissues of the immune system. Leukocyte migration. Antibodies and repertoire diversity. Monoclonal antibodies. B lymphocyte development and humoral immunity. Complement. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. T lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity.

Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity disorders. Immunologic tolerance and autoimmunity. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Transplantation immunology. Immunity to tumors.

READING MATERIALS
-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbook: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition, Abul Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Elsevier.

Immunology
General characteristics of the immune response. Innate immunity. Cells and tissues of the immune system. Leukocyte migration. Antibodies and repertoire diversity. Monoclonal antibodies. B lymphocyte development and humoral immunity. Complement. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. T lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity.

Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity disorders. Immunologic tolerance and autoimmunity. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Transplantation immunology. Immunity to tumors.

-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbook: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition, Abul Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
Immunology
General characteristics of the immune response. Innate immunity. Cells and tissues of the immune system. Leukocyte migration. Antibodies and repertoire diversity. Monoclonal antibodies. B lymphocyte development and humoral immunity. Complement. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. T lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity.

Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity disorders. Immunologic tolerance and autoimmunity. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Transplantation immunology. Immunity to tumors.

READING MATERIALS
-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbook: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition, Abul Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Elsevier.

COURSE SYLLABUS
Immunology
General characteristics of the immune response. Innate immunity. Cells and tissues of the immune system. Leukocyte migration. Antibodies and repertoire diversity. Monoclonal antibodies. B lymphocyte development and humoral immunity. Complement. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. T lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity.

Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity disorders. Immunologic tolerance and autoimmunity. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Transplantation immunology. Immunity to tumors.

READING MATERIALS
-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbook: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition, Abul Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Elsevier.

Immunology
General characteristics of the immune response. Innate immunity. Cells and tissues of the immune system. Leukocyte migration. Antibodies and repertoire diversity. Monoclonal antibodies. B lymphocyte development and humoral immunity. Complement. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. T lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity.

Immunopathology
Hypersensitivity disorders. Immunologic tolerance and autoimmunity. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies. Transplantation immunology. Immunity to tumors.

READING MATERIALS
-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbook: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th Edition, Abul Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Elsevier.

Laboratory Medicine Technical Sciences (MED/46)
• Bacterial cell culture techniques
• Eukaryotic cell culture techniques
• Preparation of slides for light microscopy: tissues inclusion, microtome cutting
• Immunohistochemistry techniques
• Primary and secondary antibodies
• Peripheral blood sampling and bone marrow aspirate
• Isolation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells
• Stem cells isolation: culture, amplification and cryopreservation
• Cytofluorimetry
• Karyotype aberrations: conventional and molecular cytogenetics (FISH)
• Diagnostic and prognostic role of molecular biology in oncology
• Extraction and storage of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
• Basic techniques in molecular biology: nucleic acids amplification
• Qualitative analysis (PCR and RT-PCR)
• Quantitative analysis (Q-PCR and Q-RT-PCR)
• Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)
• Gene mutations
• Sanger sequencing
• New generation sequencing and personalized medicine: applications, progress, costs and benefits

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

Laboratory Medicine Technical Sciences (MED/46)
• Bacterial cell culture techniques
• Eukaryotic cell culture techniques
• Preparation of slides for light microscopy: tissues inclusion, microtome cutting
• Immunohistochemistry techniques
• Primary and secondary antibodies
• Peripheral blood sampling and bone marrow aspirate
• Isolation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells
• Stem cells isolation: culture, amplification and cryopreservation
• Cytofluorimetry
• Karyotype aberrations: conventional and molecular cytogenetics (FISH)
• Diagnostic and prognostic role of molecular biology in oncology
• Extraction and storage of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
• Basic techniques in molecular biology: nucleic acids amplification
• Qualitative analysis (PCR and RT-PCR)
• Quantitative analysis (Q-PCR and Q-RT-PCR)
• Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)
• Gene mutations
• Sanger sequencing
• New generation sequencing and personalized medicine: applications, progress, costs and benefits

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

Saranno fornite nel corso delle lezioni delle dispense da parte dei docenti. Gli studenti potranno studiare gli argomenti del corso, utilizzando i seguenti testi consigliati:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease X edition, 2017. Elsevier
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

Saranno fornite nel corso delle lezioni delle dispense da parte dei docenti. Gli studenti potranno studiare gli argomenti del corso, utilizzando i seguenti testi consigliati:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease X edition, 2017. Elsevier
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

1) Introduction to pathologies of the respiratory system. Special anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, clinical semeiotics of the main symptoms and signs of respiratory diseases: cough, dyspnoea, haemophtoe and chest pain, rales, wheezing, cyanosis, digital hippocratism. Other non-specific symptoms and signs associated with respiratory disease

2) Techniques and basic principles of interpretation of laboratory tests and respiratory physiopathology, respiratory function tests, arterial blood gas analysis and oximetry; walk test; polygraphic monitoring during sleep, clinical semiotics of the main symptoms and signs of respiratory diseases: cough, dyspnoea, haemophtoe and chest pain, rales, wheezing, cyanosis, digital hippocratism. Other non-specific symptoms and signs associated with respiratory disease

3) Respiratory infectious diseases: community acquired (CAP) and nosocomial (HAP) pneumonia, pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, aspiration pneumonia (ad ingestis), lung abscess. Definition, Epidemiology, Main Pathogens, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Pathological Anatomy, Clinical and Instrumental Diagnosis, Natural History, Complications and Therapy

4) Pulmonary tuberculosis. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy

5) Lung Cancer: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy

6) Acute and chronic respiratory failure. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy. Oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation: basic principles, indications, side effects.

7) Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary arterial hypertension and other pathologies of the pulmonary circulation: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy

8) Diffuse infiltrative lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis and other pulmonary interstitial diseases; definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy

9) Bronchial asthma and respiratory immunoallergic diseases: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy

10) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy

11) Pleural Pathology: pleurisy and pleural effusions; pneumothorax; mesothelioma. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy. Thoracentesis and management of pleurostomy.

12) Bronchiectasis. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy.

13) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy.

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo

COURSE SYLLABUS

1 Introduction to pathologies of the respiratory system. Special anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, clinical semeiotics of the main symptoms and signs of respiratory diseases: cough, dyspnoea, haemophtoe and chest pain, rales, wheezing, cyanosis, digital hippocratism. Other non-specific symptoms and signs associated with respiratory disease
2 Techniques and basic principles of interpretation of laboratory tests and respiratory physiopathology, respiratory function tests, arterial blood gas analysis and oximetry; walk test; polygraphic monitoring during sleep, clinical semiotics of the main symptoms and signs of respiratory diseases: cough, dyspnoea, haemophtoe and chest pain, rales, wheezing, cyanosis, digital hippocratism. Other non-specific symptoms and signs associated with respiratory disease
3 Respiratory infectious diseases: community acquired (CAP) and nosocomial (HAP) pneumonia, pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, aspiration pneumonia (ad ingestis), lung abscess. Definition, Epidemiology, Main Pathogens, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Pathological Anatomy, Clinical and Instrumental Diagnosis, Natural History, Complications and Therapy
4 Pulmonary tuberculosis. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
5 Lung Cancer: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
6 Acute and chronic respiratory failure. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy. Oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation: basic principles, indications, side effects.
7 Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary arterial hypertension and other pathologies of the pulmonary circulation: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
8 Diffuse infiltrative lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis and other pulmonary interstitial diseases; definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
9 Bronchial asthma and respiratory immunoallergic diseases: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
10 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
11 Pleural Pathology: pleurisy and pleural effusions; pneumothorax; mesothelioma. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy. Thoracentesis and management of pleurostomy.
12 Bronchiectasis. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy.
13 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy.

READING MATERIALS

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo

( From the text Hurst 14th edition)

• Atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque (Chapter 32)
• Coronary Thrombosis, Coronary Blood Flow (Chapter 33)
• Hypertension (Chapter 23)
• Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, Smoking (Chapter 28-29-30)
• Evaluation and Managment of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (Chapter 43)
• Cardiovascular Pharmacology
• Acute Coronary Syndromes: Definition, Evaluation and Management of Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Sudden Cardiac Death (Chapter 36, 37, 39, 40)
• Cardiovascular Diagnostics: electrocardiography, electrocardiographic exercise testing, echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, cardiac catherization and cardiac angiography
• Heart Failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management (Chapter 68, 70, 71)
• Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter and Atrial Tachycardia (Chapter 83)
• Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Ventricular Arrhythmias (Chapter 85)
• Classification of Cardiomyopathies (CMP), Dilated CMP, Hypertrophic CMP, Restrictive CMP and Arrhytmogenic CMP (Chapter 57, 58, 59, 61, 62)
• Bradyarrhythmias, Pacemakers and Defibrillators (Chapter 86, 89)
• Myocarditis and Pericardial Diseases (Chapter 63, 66)

Hurst’s. The Heart, 14th edition.
ESC Textbook of Cardiovacular Medicine.

Programma . Dal testo Hurst 14° edizione
• LESSON 1 (Prof. F. Prati)
Atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque
(Chapter 32)
• LESSON 2 (Prof. F. Prati)
Coronary Thrombosis, Coronary Blood Flow (Chapter 33)
Hypertension (Chapter 23)
• LESSON 3 (Prof. F. Prati)
Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, Smoking (Chapter 28-29-30)
Evaluation and Managment of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (Chapter 43)
• LESSON 4 (Prof. F. Prati)
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
• LESSON 5 (Prof. F. Prati)
Acute Coronary Syndromes: Definition, Evaluation and Management of Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Sudden Cardiac Death
(Chapter 36, 37, 39, 40)
• LESSON 6 (Prof. F. Prati)
Cardiovascular Diagnostics: electrocardiography, electrocardiographic exercise testing, echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, cardiac catherization and cardiac angiography
• LESSON 7 (Prof. L. Gatto)
Heart Failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management
(Chapter 68, 70, 71)
• LESSON 8 (Prof. F. Brandimarte)
Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter and Atrial Tachycardia (Chapter 83)
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Ventricular Arrhythmias (Chapter 85)
• LESSON 9 (Prof. L. Gatto)
Classification of Cardiomyopathies (CMP), Dilated CMP, Hypertrophic CMP, Restrictive CMP and Arrhytmogenic CMP (Chapter 57, 58, 59, 61, 62)
• LESSON 10 (Prof F. Brandimarte)
Bradyarrhythmias, Pacemakers and Defibrillators (Chapter 86, 89)
Myocarditis and Pericardial Diseases (Chapter 63, 66)

• Hurst’s. The Heart, 14 edizione.

• ESC Textbook of Cardiovacular Medicine.

• Basics of surgical anatomy of chest
• Fundamentals of diagnosis and imaging examinations in thoracic surgery
• Preoperative physiological evaluation
• Chest wall diseases: Pectus deformities, Thoracic outlet syndrome, chest wall tumors
• Pleura: Pneumothorax, Chylothorax, Empyema, Pleural effusion, Solitary fibrous tumors, Malignant pleural mesothelioma
• Trachea: tracheobronchial injuries, stenosis and fistulae, Tracheal tumors
• Mediastinum: Myasthenia gravis, Thymic tumors, Mediastinal germ cell tumors, Lymphomas, and other hematologic diseases
• Lung: Surgery for emphysema, Lung abscess, Lung cancer screening, Solitary pulmonary nodule, Staging
• lung cancer, Lung cancer, Superior sulcus tumors, Carcinoid tumors, Metastatic tumors of the lung
• Esophagus: Benign tumors, esophageal malignancies, Staging, Indications to surgery, Esophageal functional diseases, Differential diagnosis, Decision making process and Indication to surgery of functional diseases of foregut
•

Pocket Manual of General Thoracic Surgery. Amin Madani, Lorenzo Ferri, Andrew Seely (Eds). 2015 Edition. Springer. ISBN-13: 978-3319174969, ISBN-10: 3319174967

Decision making in Thoracic Surgery. An algorithmic approach. Wickii T Vignesvaran, John A Odell. Jaipee The Health Sciences Publisher Ltd. First Edition 2018. ISBN:978-93-5270-038-7

COURSE SYLLABUS
Basics of surgical anatomy of chest
Fundamentals of diagnosis and imaging examinations in thoracic surgery
Preoperative physiological evaluation
Chest wall diseases: Pectus deformities, Thoracic outlet syndrome, chest wall tumors
Pleura: Pneumothorax, Chylothorax, Empyema, Pleural effusion, Solitary fibrous tumors, Malignant pleural mesothelioma
Trachea: tracheobronchial injuries, stenosis and fistulae, Tracheal tumors
Mediastinum: Myasthenia gravis, Thymic tumors, Mediastinal germ cell tumors, Lymphomas, and other hematologic diseases
Lung: Surgery for emphysema, Lung abscess, Lung cancer screening, Solitary pulmonary nodule, Staging
lung cancer, Lung cancer, Superior sulcus tumors, Carcinoid tumors, Metastatic tumors of the lung
Esophagus: Benign tumors, esophageal malignancies, Staging, Indications to surgery, Esophageal functional diseases, Differential diagnosis, Decision making process and Indication to surgery of functional diseases of foregut

READING MATERIALS
Pocket Manual of General Thoracic Surgery. Amin Madani, Lorenzo Ferri, Andrew Seely (Eds). 2015 Edition. Springer. ISBN-13: 978-3319174969, ISBN-10: 3319174967

1) Atherosclerosis and principles of Hemodynamics.
2) Clinical semiotics and instrumental diagnosis of vascular apparatus and pathologies
3)Peripheral vascular disease.
4) Acute limb ischemia.
5) Cerebrovascular insufficiency.
6) Celiac-mesenteric insufficiency, acute and chronic.
7) Renovascular hypertension.
8) Aortic aneurysms.
9) Peripheral aneurysms
10) Aortic dissections.
11) Vascular trauma.
12) Diseases of the venous system.
13) Diseases of the lymphatic system.
14) Thoracic outlet syndrome.
15) Vasospastic diseases.

Handbook of Patient Care in Vascular Diseases (6th edition), by Rasmussen/Clouse/Tonnessen.

Wolters Kluwer (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Handbook

COURSE SYLLABUS
1) Atherosclerosis and principles of Hemodynamics.
2) Clinical semiotics and instrumental diagnosis of vascular apparatus and pathologies
3)Peripheral vascular disease.
4) Acute limb ischemia.
5) Cerebrovascular insufficiency.
6) Celiac-mesenteric insufficiency, acute and chronic.
7) Renovascular hypertension.
8) Aortic aneurysms.
9) Peripheral aneurysms
10) Aortic dissections.
11) Vascular trauma.
12) Diseases of the venous system.
13) Diseases of the lymphatic system.
14) Thoracic outlet syndrome.
15) Vasospastic diseases.

READING MATERIALS

Handbook of Patient Care in Vascular Diseases (6th edition), 
by Rasmussen/Clouse/Tonnessen.
Wolters Kluwer (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Handbook

1) Ischemic heart diseases. Surgical therapies. Rationale and methodology

2) Valvular disease
- Main causes of valve diseases
- Congenital, Rheumatic disease, Ischemic disease, Endocarditis, Degenerative

Aortic stenosis:
- Ethiology, Physiopathology
- Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
- Therapy: Medical, Valvuloplasty, TAVI, Surgical

Aortic insufficiency:
- Ethiology, Physiopathology
- Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
- Therapy: Medical, TAVI, Surgical

Mitral stenosis:
- Ethiology, Physiopathology
- Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
- Therapy: Medical, Valvuloplasty, TAMI, Surgical

Mitral insufficiency:
- Ethiology, Physiopathology
- Diagnosis: Symptoms, Physical examination, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
- Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional, Surgical

Tricuspid insufficiency:
- Ethiology, Physiopathology
- Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
- Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional , Surgical

Tricuspid stenosis and pulmonary disease
- Ethiology, Physiopathology
- Diagnosis Symptoms, Semeiotic, Lab. Tests, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
- Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional , Surgical

Infective endocarditis
- Ethiology, Physiopathology
- Diagnosis Symptoms, Semeiotic, Lab. Tests, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
- Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional , Surgical

3) Congenital disease
- Atrial septum defect (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
- Ventricular septum defect (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
- Tetralogy of Fallot (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
- Aortic coarctation (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
- Pulmonary atresia (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
- Trasposizione dei grossi vasi (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)

Cardiac Surgery, Kirklin /Barrat-Boyes. Ed Churchill, Livingstone

COURSE PROGRAM

1) Ischemic heart diseases. Surgical therapies. Rationale and methodology

2) Valvular disease
Main causes of valve diseases
Congenital, Rheumatic disease, Ischemic disease, Endocarditis, Degenerative
Aortic stenosis
Ethiology, Physiopathology
Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
Therapy: Medical, Valvuloplasty, TAVI, Surgical
Aortic insufficiency:
Ethiology, Physiopathology
Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
Therapy: Medical, TAVI, Surgical

Mitral stenosis:
Ethiology, Physiopathology
Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
Therapy: Medical, Valvuloplasty, TAMI, Surgical

Mitral insufficiency:
Ethiology, Physiopathology
Diagnosis: Symptoms, Physical examination, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional , Surgical

Tricuspid insufficiency:
Ethiology, Physiopathology
Diagnosis: Symptoms, Semeiotic, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional , Surgical

Tricuspid stenosis and pulmonary disease
Ethiology, Physiopathology
Diagnosis Symptoms, Semeiotic, Lab. Tests, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional , Surgical

Infective endocarditis
Aneurismi dell’ aorta ascendente
Ethiology, Physiopathology
Diagnosis Symptoms, Semeiotic, Lab. Tests, Ecg changes, Echocardiogram, Catheterism
Therapy: Medical, Percutaneous Interventional , Surgical

3) Congenital disease
Atrial septum defect (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
Ventricular septum defect (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
Tetralogy of Fallot (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
Aortic coarctation (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
Pulmonary atresia (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)
Trasposizione dei grossi vasi (physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment)

READING MATERIALS
Cardiac Surgery, Kirklin /Barrat-Boyes. Ed Churchill, Livingstone

AA2022/2023
• Definition, limits and aims of Laboratory Medicine
• Classification of disciplines falling within the scope of Laboratory Medicine.
• General organization of the Laboratory: from the request for analysis to the report.
• Reference ranges, critical values
• Sources of variability in the preanalytical and analytical phase, intra and interindividual biological variability, concepts of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and their applications. Internal and external quality control
• Balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Acid-base balance. Conditions associated with abnormal electrolyte composition or acid-base balance
• Plasma proteins and enzymes as biomarkers of tissue and organ damage. Evaluation of plasma / serum enzymes and metabolites for diagnostic purposes. General characteristics, biochemical role and methods of dosage of the main enzymes of clinical interest: LDH, CPK, AST and ALT, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase.
• Introduction to Clinical Molecular Biology and Molecular Biomarkers
• Methods of preparation and analysis of proteins and nucleic acids used in clinical diagnostic (e.g. immuno-detections and immunoassays of proteins, protein and nucleic acid electrophoresis, PCR, gene sequencing, arrays, LC-MS, etc)
• Molecular diagnostic tests (genetic and oncological diseases)
• Introduction to omics sciences and their application in diagnostics

• Nader Rifai, Rossa W.K. Chiu. Ian Young, Carey-Ann D.Burnham, Carl T. Wittwer “Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine.” (7th Edition). Elsevier Health Sciences (US), Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf

• Michael J. Murphy & Rajeev Srivastava & Kevin Deans “Clinical Biochemistry”, Sixth Edition , Elsevier

• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. “Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice”; W H Freeman & Co; 2 edition

AA2022/2023
Definition, limits and aims of Laboratory Medicine
• Classification of disciplines falling within the scope of Laboratory Medicine.
• General organization of the Laboratory: from the request for analysis to the report.
• Reference ranges, critical values
• Sources of variability in the preanalytical and analytical phase, intra and interindividual biological variability, concepts of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and their applications. Internal and external quality control
• Balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Acid-base balance. Conditions associated with abnormal electrolyte composition or acid-base balance
• Plasma proteins and enzymes as biomarkers of tissue and organ damage. Evaluation of plasma / serum enzymes and metabolites for diagnostic purposes. General characteristics, biochemical role and methods of dosage of the main enzymes of clinical interest: LDH, CPK, AST and ALT, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase.
• Introduction to Clinical Molecular Biology and Molecular Biomarkers
• Methods of preparation and analysis of proteins and nucleic acids used in clinical diagnostic (e.g. immuno-detections and immunoassays of proteins, protein and nucleic acid electrophoresis, PCR, gene sequencing, arrays, LC-MS, etc)
• Molecular diagnostic tests (genetic and oncological diseases)
• Introduction to omics sciences and their application in diagnostics

AA2022/2023
• Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor

• Michael J. Murphy & Rajeev Srivastava & Kevin Deans “Clinical Biochemistry”, Sixth Edition , Elsevier

• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. “Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice”; W H Freeman & Co; 2 edition

- The clinical value of the laboratory

- Injury and function markers

- The blood count

- Coagulation and pathologies of the coagulation system

- Markers of inflammation and immune reactions

- Diagnosis of leukocyte pathologies

- Diagnosis of anemias

- Liver, hepatitis and cirrhosis

- Blood sugar

- Lipemia

- Functional evaluation of the kidney, urinalysis

- Tumor markers

- Immunohematology and transfusion medicine

- Laboratory evaluation of drug blood concentrations, drug abuse and doping

- The laboratory in sport activities

- “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446

- Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor

- Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke - Second edition

- Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

- Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition

- Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition

- Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition

- Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition

Clinical Pathology
• The clinical value of the laboratory.
• Injury and function markers.
• The blood count.
• Coagulation and pathologies of the coagulation system.
• Markers of inflammation and immune reactions.
• Diagnosis of leukocyte pathologies.
• Diagnosis of anemias.
• Liver, hepatitis and cirrhosis.
• Blood sugar.
• Lipemia
• Functional evaluation of the kidney, urinalysis.
• Tumor markers.
• Immunohematology and transfusion medicine.
• Laboratory evaluation of drug blood concentrations, drug abuse and doping.
• The laboratory in sport activities.

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
• “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446
• Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor
• Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke
Second edition
• Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition
• Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition
• Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition
• Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition
• Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition

- Principles of medical microbiology and immunology

- Principles of diagnostic microbiology
◦ Tests used
◦ Appropriate biological samples
◦ How to get and store biological samples
◦ Interpretation of microbiological results

- Elements of Diagnostic Microbiology: Direct and indirect tests, Microbial isolation, selection of the appropriate biological samples, antibiogram (Principles, purposes and interpretation)

- Elements of Diagnostic Virology: Direct and indirect tests, Viral isolation, Selection of the biological samples and their preservation and storage

- Elements of the diagnostic Mycology, biological isolation, selection of the biological samples; modern molecular and antigenic tests

- Main etiological agents of the infections of the Nervous System; Characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results

- Main etiological agents of the infections of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results

- Main etiological agents of the infections of the Gastrointestinal System. Food-related infections. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results

- Main etiological agents of the infections of the Urinary Tract. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results

- Systemic infections: How to use and interpret the Haemoculture. Infections of the cardio-vascular apparatus

- Main etiological agents of the infections of the Genital Tract. Infections during pregnancy. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results

- Sexually transmitted diseases. Main etiological agents, samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results

- Diagnosis of HIV and viral hepatitis

- Hospital infections: Main etiological agents and their modern diagnosis. Microbiological control of the hospital infections

- Infections in the immunocompromised host; Etiological agents, Modern diagnosis, Samples used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results

- Microbiota: Structure, clinical relevance, diagnostic methodologies

- General information about the rapid diagnosis of malaria

- “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446

- Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor

- Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke - Second edition

- Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

- Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition

- Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition

- Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition

- Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition

Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology
• Principles of medical microbiology and immunology
• Principles of diagnostic microbiology
◦ Tests used
◦ Appropriate biological samples
◦ How to get and store biological samples
◦ Interpretation of microbiological results
• Elements of Diagnostic Microbiology: Direct and indirect tests, Microbial isolation, selection of the appropriate biological samples, antibiogram (Principles, purposes and interpretation)
• Elements of Diagnostic Virology: Direct and indirect tests, Viral isolation, Selection of the biological samples and their preservation and storage
• Elements of the diagnostic Mycology, biological isolation, selection of the biological samples; modern molecular and antigenic tests
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Nervous System; Characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Gastrointestinal System. Food-related infections. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Urinary Tract. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Systemic infections: How to use and interpret the Haemoculture. Infections of the cardio-vascular apparatus
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Genital Tract. Infections during pregnancy. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Sexually transmitted diseases. Main etiological agents, samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Diagnosis of HIV and viral hepatitis
• Hospital infections: Main etiological agents and their modern diagnosis. Microbiological control of the hospital infections.
• Infections in the immunocompromised host; Etiological agents, Modern diagnosis, Samples used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Microbiota: Structure, clinical relevance, diagnostic methodologies
• General information about the rapid diagnosis of malaria

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
• “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446
• Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor
• Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke
Second edition
• Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition
• Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition
• Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition
• Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition
• Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition

- Concepts of ecology applied to parasitism

- General clinical parasitology principles regarding transmission routes, zoonosis, anthropozoonosis

- Medically important Parasites belonging to Nematodes and Cestodes. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, clinical symptoms and treatment

- “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446

- Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor

- Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke - Second edition

- Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

- Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition

- Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition

- Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition

- Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition,

Clinical Parasitology
• Concepts of ecology applied to parasitism;
• General clinical parasitology principles regarding transmission routes, zoonosis, anthropozoonosis;
• Medically important Parasites belonging to Nematodes and Cestodes. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, clinical symptoms and treatment

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
• “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446
• Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor
• Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke
Second edition
• Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition
• Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition
• Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition
• Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition
• Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition

- Classification of rheumatic diseases

- Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of rheuatologic interest: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, course, basic management and prognosis

- The role of laboratory investigations for the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases

- Sjogren’s syndrome

- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

- Systemic sclerosis

- Mixed connective tissue disease

- Undifferentiated connective tissue disease

- Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome

- Idiopatic Inflammatory myopathies

- Systemic Vasculitis

- Autoinflammatory diseases

- Introduction to rheumatoid arthritis

- “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446

- Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor

- Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke - Second edition

- Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

- Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition

- Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition

- Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition

- Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition

Rheumatology
• Classification of rheumatic diseases.
• Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of rheuatologic interest: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, course, basic management and prognosis.
• The role of laboratory investigations for the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases.
• Sjogren’s syndrome.
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
• Systemic sclerosis.
• Mixed connective tissue disease.
• Undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
• Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome.
• Idiopatic Inflammatory myopathies.
• Systemic Vasculitis.
• Autoinflammatory diseases.
• Introduction to rheumatoid arthritis.

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
• “Tietz fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and molecular diagnostics”. 8th ed. N. Rifai, A.R. Horvath, C.T. Wittwer, Elsevier 2019. ISBN-13: 978-0323530446
• Michael Laposata. “Laboratory Medicine: the diagnosis of disease in the clinical laboratory” (3rd edition). LANGE editor
• Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke
Second edition
• Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition
• Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition
• Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition
• Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, latest edition
• Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition

- Neck
Thyroid, parathyroid glands and clinical manifestation. Simple goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, complicated goiter, thyroid cancer.
Hyperparathyroidism. The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Nosological framework. Signs and symptoms.
Laboratory tests and instrumental techniques. Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Surgery

- Breast
The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Identification of a pathological mass. Exploration of the axillary region and other sites of tumor spread.
Setting of a correct clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation between malignant and benign pathology. Surgery. Integrated treatments.

- Digestive system
Nosological framework of functional and organic diseases: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, small intestine, colon, rectum.
Setting of a correct diagnostic procedure. Surgery.

- Kidney and bladder

- Adrenal

- Digestive bleeding
Physiopathology and clinical manifestation of superior and inferior grastroenteric tract bleedings.
Nosological framework, classification, haematemesis, melaena, enterorrhagia, rectorrhagia, hematochemia, hemobil. Bleeding shock.
The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Sign and symptoms. Laboratory test. Non invasive and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques.
Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Treatment principle.

- Liver, gallbaldder and biliar duct
Definition and anamnesis of obstructive jundice. Knowledge of liver and biliar duct topographic anatomy.
Differential characteristics and laboratory tests. The importance of objective exam in malignant and benign diseases.
Bloodless and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques. Surgical treatment principles.

- Acute abdomen

- Bowel obstruction
Definition and classification of bowel obstruction. Topographic anatomy knowledge of digestive system.
How to recognize a bowel obstruction through the anamnesis, the laboratory and the objective exam.
Setting of a proper clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Principles of surgical treatment.

- Peritonitis
Definition of acute abdomen and classification of peritonitis. Topographic anatomy knowledge of intra-abdominal organs.
The importance of an immediate diagnosis through the anamnesis, the objective exam and the critical interpretation of laboratory report.
Setting of a proper clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Principles of surgical treatment.

- Shock
Homeostasis, compensation mechanism, nosological setting. Sympthoms and objective exams. Functional and intrumental techniques.

- Groin
Abdomen hernies and internal hernies. Nosological framework. Classification. Neck, sac and hernial ring. Complications. Nosological framework.
The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Signs and symptoms. Laboratory tests. Non invasive and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques.
Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Surgical treatment principles.

- Plevic floor
Physical and instrumental semeiotics of perineum and anal canal. Hemorrhoids, fissures, abscesses, fistulas, anus cancer, rectocele, cystocele, recto-cystocele.
Nosological framework. Classification. Complications. The importance of anamnesis and physical examination. Signs and symptoms.
Non-invasive and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques. Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Surgery.

- Abscess, phlegmon, wound
Skin and soft tissues. Objective and functional alterations in the presence of lesions and phlogistic and inflammatory phenomena.

-Polytrauma
Trauma of the skull, chest and abdomen. Diagnostic timing. Treatment principles.

Title: Essentials of General Surgery
Authors: M.D. Lawrence

• DeGowin’s Diagnostic Examination, 11e, Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL 2020

• Manish Suneja, Joseph F. Szot, Richard F. LeBlond, Donald D. Brown, Dioguardi - Sanna . Moderni aspetti di semeiotica medica - Segni sintomi e malattie.
Editor Seu

• R.Dionigi: Chirurgia, Ed. Elsevier,2017

• Symptom to Diagnosis An Evidence Based Guide, Fourth Edition (4th ed.), Scott D.C. Stern, Adam S. Cifu, Diane Altkorn, McGraw-Hill Education; November 2019

• Handbook of Signs & Symptoms, Author Andrea Borchers, Argomenti Medicina Medicina interna Semeiotica medica, Editor Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2015

• Symptoms and Diagnosis: A Storytelling Medical Book that May Save Your Life Paperback – January 19, by Nabin Sapkota MD (Author), MedTale Publishing,
Omaha, NE, 2016

• Symptom Analysis For Medical Students 4th/2018, Author : Rema Pai, ISBN : 9789386480293, Publisher : Paras Medical Books, Edition : 4th, Year : 2018

• The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Robert S. Porter, Merck, 2018

• Macleod's Clinical Examination, 14e by J. Alastair Innes BSc PhD FRCP Ed, Anna R Dover PhD FRCP(Ed), et al. 11 Jun 2018

• Hutchison's Clinical Methods: An Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice, 24e Paperback – 31 May 2017 by Michael Glynn MA MD FRCP FHEA (Editor),
William M Drake DM FRCP (Editor)

• Bates' Guide To Physical Examination and History Taking, 13e by Lynn S Bickley MD FACP 25 Sep 2020

• Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 15 Feb. 2018 by Drew Provan (Editor)

• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e (Flexicover) (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 18 Sept. 2014 by Huw Llewelyn (Author), Hock Aun Ang

• Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2), Authors J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser,
Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo, Editor McGraw Hill Higher Education - 2018, ISBN 9781259644030, McGraw Hill

• Lange A. Anamnesi ed esame obiettivo Masson Editore

• Frada' e Frada' Semeiotica medica nell'adulto e nell'anziano Piccin Editore

• Amoroso Costantino Afeltra Picardi Vettore, Semeiotica pratica sussidio multimediale per l'apprendimento e la verifica delle principali manovre semeiologiche,
centro Scientifico Editore.

• MODERNI ASPETTI DI SEMEIOTICA MEDICA, Dioguardi-Sanna, Società Editrice Universo

• METODOLOGIA CLINICA, Nuti-Caniggia, Edizioni Minerva Medica

• Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking 13th Edition (available also on Amazon in the version for Kindle)

• Macleod's Clinical Examination 13th Edition (available also on Amazon in the version for Kindle)

On line and videos:
• FOAM is a good website – you need to register to see what there is
• https://www.ficm.ac.uk/free-open-access-medical-education-foamed
• I like ‘life in the fast lane’
• There are thousands of videos mostly on youtube. Type in for example: ‘how to examine the chest’ and you will get lots of examples eg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRWSyqatWQQ

GENERAL SURGERY SYLLABUS
Neck
Thyroid, parathyroid glands and clinical manifestation. Simple goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, complicated goiter, thyroid cancer. Hyperparathyroidism. The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Nosological framework. Signs and symptoms. Laboratory tests and instrumental techniques. Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Surgery.

Breast
The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Identification of a pathological mass. Exploration of the axillary region and other sites of tumor spread. Setting of a correct clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation between malignant and benign pathology. Surgery. Integrated treatments.

Digestive system
Nosological framework of functional and organic diseases: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, small intestine, colon, rectum. Setting of a correct diagnostic procedure. Surgery.
Kidney and bladder
Adrenal
Digestive bleeding
Physiopathology and clinical manifestation of superior and inferior grastroenteric tract bleedings. Nosological framework, classification, haematemesis, melaena, enterorrhagia, rectorrhagia, hematochemia, hemobil. Bleeding shock. The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Sign and symptoms. Laboratory test. Non invasive and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques. Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Treatment principle.

Liver, gallbaldder and biliar duct
Definition and anamnesis of obstructive jundice. Knowledge of liver and biliar duct topographic anatomy. Differential characteristics and laboratory tests. The importance of objective exam in malignant and benign diseases. Bloodless and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques. Surgical treatment principles.
Acute abdomen
Bowel obstruction
Definition and classification of bowel obstruction. Topographic anatomy knowledge of digestive system. How to recognize a bowel obstruction through the anamnesis, the laboratory and the objective exam. Setting of a proper clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Principles of surgical treatment.

Peritonitis
Definition of acute abdomen and classification of peritonitis. Topographic anatomy knowledge of intra-abdominal organs.The importance of an immediate diagnosis through the anamnesis, the objective exam and the critical interpretation of laboratory report. Setting of a proper clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Principles of surgical treatment.

Shock
Homeostasis, compensation mechanism, nosological setting. Sympthoms and objective exams. Functional and intrumental techniques.

Groin
Abdomen hernies and internal hernies. Nosological framework. Classification. Neck, sac and hernial ring. Complications. Nosological framework. The importance of anamnesis and objective exam. Signs and symptoms. Laboratory tests. Non-invasive and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques. Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Surgical treatment principles.

Plevic floor
Physical and instrumental semeiotics of perineum and anal canal. Hemorrhoids, fissures, abscesses, fistulas, anus cancer, rectocele, cystocele, recto-cystocele. Nosological framework. Classification. Complications. The importance of anamnesis and physical examination. Signs and symptoms. Non-invasive and invasive instrumental diagnostic techniques. Clinical and instrumental differential diagnostic orientation. Surgery.

Abscess, phlegmon, wound
Skin and soft tissues. Objective and functional alterations in the presence of lesions and phlogistic and inflammatory phenomena.

Polytrauma
Trauma of the skull, chest and abdomen. Diagnostic timing. Treatment principles.

TESTI CONSIGLIATI E BIBLIOGRAFIA
Titolo: Essentials of General Surgery
Autori: M.D. Lawrence

• DeGowin’s Diagnostic Examination, 11e, Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL 2020
• Manish Suneja, Joseph F. Szot, Richard F. LeBlond, Donald D. Brown, Dioguardi - Sanna . Moderni aspetti di semeiotica medica - Segni sintomi e malattie. Editore Seu
• R.Dionigi: Chirurgia, Ed. Elsevier,2017
• Symptom to Diagnosis An Evidence Based Guide, Fourth Edition (4th ed.), Scott D.C. Stern, Adam S. Cifu, Diane Altkorn, McGraw-Hill Education; November 2019
• Handbook of Signs & Symptoms, Autore Andrea Borchers, Argomenti Medicina Medicina interna Semeiotica medica, Editore Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2015
• Symptoms and Diagnosis: A Storytelling Medical Book that May Save Your Life Paperback – January 19, by Nabin Sapkota MD (Author), MedTale Publishing, Omaha, NE, 2016
• Symptom Analysis For Medical Students 4th/2018, Author : Rema Pai, ISBN : 9789386480293, Publisher : Paras Medical Books, Edition : 4th, Year : 2018
• The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Robert S. Porter, Merck, 2018
• Macleod's Clinical Examination, 14e by J. Alastair Innes BSc PhD FRCP Ed, Anna R Dover PhD FRCP(Ed), et al. 11 Jun 2018
• Hutchison's Clinical Methods: An Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice, 24e Paperback – 31 May 2017 by Michael Glynn MA MD FRCP FHEA (Editore), William M Drake DM FRCP (Editore)
• Bates' Guide To Physical Examination and History Taking, 13e by Lynn S Bickley MD FACP 25 Sep 2020
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 15 Feb. 2018 by Drew Provan (Editore)
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e (Flexicover) (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 18 Sept. 2014 by Huw Llewelyn (Autore), Hock Aun Ang
• Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2), Autori J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo, Editore McGraw Hill Higher Education, Pagine 4400 - 2018, ISBN 9781259644030, McGraw Hill
• Lange A. Anamnesi ed esame obiettivo Masson Editore
• Frada' e Frada' Semeiotica medica nell'adulto e nell'anziano Piccin Editore
• Amoroso Costantino Afeltra Picardi Vettore, Semeiotica pratica sussidio multimediale per l'apprendimento e la verifica delle principali manovre semeiologiche, centro Scientifico Editore.
• MODERNI ASPETTI DI SEMEIOTICA MEDICA, Dioguardi-Sanna, Società Editrice Universo
• METODOLOGIA CLINICA, Nuti-Caniggia, Edizioni Minerva Medica
• Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)
• Macleod's Clinical Examination 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)

On line e video:
• FOAM è un buon sito – bisogna registrarsi per vedere i contenuti
• https://www.ficm.ac.uk/free-open-access-medical-education-foamed
• Blog: ‘life in the fast lane’
• Ci sono migliaia di video su youtube. Ad esempio, scrivere: ‘how to examine the chest’, si otterranno moltissimi esempi
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRWSyqatWQQ

- Medical anamnesis and its importance in medicine

- Vital signs and their clinical significance

- Physical examination of the main body districts: chest, abdomen, head and neck, skin, limbs and peripheral vascular system, joints, nodes, breast. Neurological examination. Nutritional status evaluation and nutritional markers. Main semeiological signs and manoeuvres

- How to approach the patient with: head pain, back pain, chest pain, abdominal pain, astenia, insomnia, alterations of appetite or thirst, alterations of void or diuresis, hematuria, menorrhagia o metrorrhagia, jaundice, diarrhoea, stipsis, nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, hiccup, dysphagia, digestive haemorrage (hematemesis, melena, hematochetia, rectal bleeding), haemophtisis, cough, dyspnea, palpitations, syncope or lipotimia, arterial hypertension, arterial hypotension, itch, fever, cianosis, edema, acute mental confusion, coma, persistant vegetative state, vertigo, trauma. How to approach a patient with multimorbidity. Overview on the main neurological signs and symptoms

- How to interpret the main clinical laboratory tests: blood count, glycemia, uricemia, lipid metabolism, markers of kidney injury and function, sodiemia, potassiemia, calcemia, fosforemia, magnesiemia, arterial blood gas analysis, markers of liver function, markers of myocardial damage, haemostasis and coagulation tests, inflammatory indexes, hormones, autoantibodies, standard urine test, 24-hour urinary collection, proteinuria, tests on effusions, fecal analysis, microbiological analyses, principles of transfusion medicine. Acid-base metabolism alterations: metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

- Semeiotics of the main clinical syndromes in internal medicine: acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, cardiac valve diseases, pneumonia, pleural effusion, COPD, pneumothorax, acute abdomen, cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, mechanic and functional ileus, nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, renal colic, urinary tract infections, sepsis, shock, deep venous thrombosis and acute pulmonary thromboembolism, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, stroke, meningitis

- Instrumental semeiotics: clinical imaging and functional tests in heart, vascular, respiratory, kidney, gastroenteric, articular and nervous diseases

- Normal ranges of the main laboratory tests used in clinical practice

- Knowledge of the basic characteristics of EKG recordings in: healthy subjects, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular and atrial tachicardia, extrasystolia, atrioventricular blocks, alterations induced by electrolyte inbalances

Title: Essentials of General Surgery
Authors: M.D. Lawrence

• DeGowin’s Diagnostic Examination, 11e, Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL 2020

• Manish Suneja, Joseph F. Szot, Richard F. LeBlond, Donald D. Brown, Dioguardi - Sanna . Moderni aspetti di semeiotica medica - Segni sintomi e malattie.
Editor Seu

• R.Dionigi: Chirurgia, Ed. Elsevier,2017

• Symptom to Diagnosis An Evidence Based Guide, Fourth Edition (4th ed.), Scott D.C. Stern, Adam S. Cifu, Diane Altkorn, McGraw-Hill Education; November 2019

• Handbook of Signs & Symptoms, Author Andrea Borchers, Argomenti Medicina Medicina interna Semeiotica medica, Editor Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2015

• Symptoms and Diagnosis: A Storytelling Medical Book that May Save Your Life Paperback – January 19, by Nabin Sapkota MD (Author), MedTale Publishing,
Omaha, NE, 2016

• Symptom Analysis For Medical Students 4th/2018, Author : Rema Pai, ISBN : 9789386480293, Publisher : Paras Medical Books, Edition : 4th, Year : 2018

• The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Robert S. Porter, Merck, 2018

• Macleod's Clinical Examination, 14e by J. Alastair Innes BSc PhD FRCP Ed, Anna R Dover PhD FRCP(Ed), et al. 11 Jun 2018

• Hutchison's Clinical Methods: An Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice, 24e Paperback – 31 May 2017 by Michael Glynn MA MD FRCP FHEA (Editor),
William M Drake DM FRCP (Editor)

• Bates' Guide To Physical Examination and History Taking, 13e by Lynn S Bickley MD FACP 25 Sep 2020

• Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 15 Feb. 2018 by Drew Provan (Editor)

• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e (Flexicover) (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 18 Sept. 2014 by Huw Llewelyn (Author), Hock Aun Ang

• Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2), Authors J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser,
Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo, Editor McGraw Hill Higher Education - 2018, ISBN 9781259644030, McGraw Hill

• Lange A. Anamnesi ed esame obiettivo Masson Editore

• Frada' e Frada' Semeiotica medica nell'adulto e nell'anziano Piccin Editore

• Amoroso Costantino Afeltra Picardi Vettore, Semeiotica pratica sussidio multimediale per l'apprendimento e la verifica delle principali manovre semeiologiche,
centro Scientifico Editore.

• MODERNI ASPETTI DI SEMEIOTICA MEDICA, Dioguardi-Sanna, Società Editrice Universo

• METODOLOGIA CLINICA, Nuti-Caniggia, Edizioni Minerva Medica

• Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking 13th Edition (available also on Amazon in the version for Kindle)

• Macleod's Clinical Examination 13th Edition (available also on Amazon in the version for Kindle)

On line and videos:
• FOAM is a good website – you need to register to see what there is
• https://www.ficm.ac.uk/free-open-access-medical-education-foamed
• I like ‘life in the fast lane’
• There are thousands of videos mostly on youtube. Type in for example: ‘how to examine the chest’ and you will get lots of examples eg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRWSyqatWQQ

COURSE CONTENTS (SYLLABUS)
The course program includes:
- Medical history taking and its importance in medicine.
- Vital signs and their clinical significance.
- Physical examination of the main body districts: chest, abdomen, head and neck, skin, limbs and peripheral vascular system, joints, nodes, breast. Neurological examination. Nutritional status evaluation and nutritional markers. Main semeiological signs and manoeuvres.
- How to approach the patient with: head pain, back pain, chest pain, abdominal pain, asthenia, insomnia, alterations of appetite or thirst, alterations of bowel transit or diuresis, hematuria, menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, jaundice, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, hiccup, dysphagia, digestive hemorrhage (hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, rectal bleeding), hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea, palpitations, syncope or lipothymia, arterial hypertension, hypotension, itch, fever, cyanosis, edema, acute mental confusion, coma, persistent vegetative state, vertigo, trauma. How to approach a patient with multimorbidity. Overview on the main neurological signs and symptoms.
- How to interpret the main clinical laboratory tests: blood count, glycemia, uricemia, lipid metabolism, markers of kidney injury and function, serum electrolytes, arterial blood gas analysis, markers of liver function, markers of myocardial damage, hemostasis and coagulation tests, inflammatory indexes, hormones, autoantibodies, standard urine test, 24-hour urinary collection, proteinuria, tests on effusions, fecal analysis, microbiological analyses, principles of transfusion medicine. Acid-base metabolism alterations: metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
- Semeiotics of the main clinical syndromes in internal medicine as examples: acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, cardiac valve diseases, pneumonia, pleural effusion, COPD, pneumothorax, acute abdomen, cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, mechanic and functional ileus, nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, renal colic, urinary tract infections, sepsis, shock, deep venous thrombosis and acute pulmonary thromboembolism, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, stroke, meningitis.
- Instrumental semiotics: clinical imaging and functional tests in heart, vascular, pulmonary, kidney, gastrointestinal, muscle/joint, and neurological diseases.
- Normal ranges of the most commonly used laboratory tests in clinical practice.
- Knowledge of the basic characteristics of EKG recordings in: healthy subjects, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular and atrial tachycardia, extrasystole, atrioventricular blocks, alterations induced by electrolyte imbalances.

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
Titolo: Essentials of General Surgery
Autori: M.D. Lawrence

• DeGowin’s Diagnostic Examination, 11e, Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL 2020
• Manish Suneja, Joseph F. Szot, Richard F. LeBlond, Donald D. Brown, Dioguardi - Sanna . Moderni aspetti di semeiotica medica - Segni sintomi e malattie. Editore Seu
• R.Dionigi: Chirurgia, Ed. Elsevier,2017
• Symptom to Diagnosis An Evidence Based Guide, Fourth Edition (4th ed.), Scott D.C. Stern, Adam S. Cifu, Diane Altkorn, McGraw-Hill Education; November 2019
• Handbook of Signs & Symptoms, Autore Andrea Borchers, Argomenti Medicina Medicina interna Semeiotica medica, Editore Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2015
• Symptoms and Diagnosis: A Storytelling Medical Book that May Save Your Life Paperback – January 19, by Nabin Sapkota MD (Author), MedTale Publishing, Omaha, NE, 2016
• Symptom Analysis For Medical Students 4th/2018, Author : Rema Pai, ISBN : 9789386480293, Publisher : Paras Medical Books, Edition : 4th, Year : 2018
• The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Robert S. Porter, Merck, 2018
• Macleod's Clinical Examination, 14e by J. Alastair Innes BSc PhD FRCP Ed, Anna R Dover PhD FRCP(Ed), et al. 11 Jun 2018
• Hutchison's Clinical Methods: An Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice, 24e Paperback – 31 May 2017 by Michael Glynn MA MD FRCP FHEA (Editore), William M Drake DM FRCP (Editore)
• Bates' Guide To Physical Examination and History Taking, 13e by Lynn S Bickley MD FACP 25 Sep 2020
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 15 Feb. 2018 by Drew Provan (Editore)
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e (Flexicover) (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 18 Sept. 2014 by Huw Llewelyn (Autore), Hock Aun Ang
• Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2), Autori J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo, Editore McGraw Hill Higher Education, Pagine 4400 - 2018, ISBN 9781259644030, McGraw Hill
• Lange A. Anamnesi ed esame obiettivo Masson Editore
• Frada' e Frada' Semeiotica medica nell'adulto e nell'anziano Piccin Editore
• Amoroso Costantino Afeltra Picardi Vettore, Semeiotica pratica sussidio multimediale per l'apprendimento e la verifica delle principali manovre semeiologiche, centro Scientifico Editore.
• MODERNI ASPETTI DI SEMEIOTICA MEDICA, Dioguardi-Sanna, Società Editrice Universo
• METODOLOGIA CLINICA, Nuti-Caniggia, Edizioni Minerva Medica
• Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)
• Macleod's Clinical Examination 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)

On line e video:
• FOAM è un buon sito – bisogna registrarsi per vedere i contenuti
• https://www.ficm.ac.uk/free-open-access-medical-education-foamed
• Blog: ‘life in the fast lane’
• Ci sono migliaia di video su youtube. Ad esempio, scrivere: ‘how to examine the chest’, si otterranno moltissimi esempi
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRWSyqatWQQ

COURSE CONTENTS (SYLLABUS)
The course program includes:
- Medical history taking and its importance in medicine.
- Vital signs and their clinical significance.
- Physical examination of the main body districts: chest, abdomen, head and neck, skin, limbs and peripheral vascular system, joints, nodes, breast. Neurological examination. Nutritional status evaluation and nutritional markers. Main semeiological signs and manoeuvres.
- How to approach the patient with: head pain, back pain, chest pain, abdominal pain, asthenia, insomnia, alterations of appetite or thirst, alterations of bowel transit or diuresis, hematuria, menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, jaundice, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, hiccup, dysphagia, digestive hemorrhage (hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, rectal bleeding), hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea, palpitations, syncope or lipothymia, arterial hypertension, hypotension, itch, fever, cyanosis, edema, acute mental confusion, coma, persistent vegetative state, vertigo, trauma. How to approach a patient with multimorbidity. Overview on the main neurological signs and symptoms.
- How to interpret the main clinical laboratory tests: blood count, glycemia, uricemia, lipid metabolism, markers of kidney injury and function, serum electrolytes, arterial blood gas analysis, markers of liver function, markers of myocardial damage, hemostasis and coagulation tests, inflammatory indexes, hormones, autoantibodies, standard urine test, 24-hour urinary collection, proteinuria, tests on effusions, fecal analysis, microbiological analyses, principles of transfusion medicine. Acid-base metabolism alterations: metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
- Semeiotics of the main clinical syndromes in internal medicine as examples: acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, cardiac valve diseases, pneumonia, pleural effusion, COPD, pneumothorax, acute abdomen, cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, mechanic and functional ileus, nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, renal colic, urinary tract infections, sepsis, shock, deep venous thrombosis and acute pulmonary thromboembolism, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, stroke, meningitis.
- Instrumental semeiotics: clinical imaging and functional tests in heart, vascular, pulmonary, kidney, gastrointestnal, muscle/joint, and neurological diseases.
- Normal ranges of the most commonly used laboratory tests in clinical practice.
- Knowledge of the basic characteristics of EKG recordings in: healthy subjects, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular and atrial tachycardia, extrasystole, atrioventricular blocks, alterations induced by electrolyte imbalances.

Titolo: Essentials of General Surgery
Autori: M.D. Lawrence

• DeGowin’s Diagnostic Examination, 11e, Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL 2020

• Manish Suneja, Joseph F. Szot, Richard F. LeBlond, Donald D. Brown, Dioguardi - Sanna . Moderni aspetti di semeiotica medica - Segni sintomi e malattie.
Editore Seu

• R.Dionigi: Chirurgia, Ed. Elsevier,2017

• Symptom to Diagnosis An Evidence Based Guide, Fourth Edition (4th ed.), Scott D.C. Stern, Adam S. Cifu, Diane Altkorn, McGraw-Hill Education; November 2019

• Handbook of Signs & Symptoms, Autore Andrea Borchers, Argomenti Medicina Medicina interna Semeiotica medica,
Editore Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2015

• Symptoms and Diagnosis: A Storytelling Medical Book that May Save Your Life Paperback – January 19, by Nabin Sapkota MD (Author), MedTale Publishing,
Omaha, NE, 2016

• Symptom Analysis For Medical Students 4th/2018, Author : Rema Pai, ISBN : 9789386480293, Publisher : Paras Medical Books, Edition : 4th, Year : 2018

• The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Robert S. Porter, Merck, 2018

• Macleod's Clinical Examination, 14e by J. Alastair Innes BSc PhD FRCP Ed, Anna R Dover PhD FRCP(Ed), et al. 11 Jun 2018

• Hutchison's Clinical Methods: An Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice, 24e Paperback – 31 May 2017 by Michael Glynn MA MD FRCP FHEA (Editore),
William M Drake DM FRCP (Editore)

• Bates' Guide To Physical Examination and History Taking, 13e by Lynn S Bickley MD FACP 25 Sep 2020

• Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 15 Feb. 2018 by Drew Provan (Editore)

• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e (Flexicover) (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 18 Sept. 2014 by Huw Llewelyn (Autore), Hock Aun Ang

• Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2), Autori J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser,
Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo, Editore McGraw Hill Higher Education, Pagine 4400 - 2018, ISBN 9781259644030, McGraw Hill

• Lange A. Anamnesi ed esame obiettivo Masson Editore

• Frada' e Frada' Semeiotica medica nell'adulto e nell'anziano Piccin Editore

• Amoroso Costantino Afeltra Picardi Vettore, Semeiotica pratica sussidio multimediale per l'apprendimento e la verifica delle principali manovre semeiologiche,
centro Scientifico Editore.

• MODERNI ASPETTI DI SEMEIOTICA MEDICA, Dioguardi-Sanna, Società Editrice Universo

• METODOLOGIA CLINICA, Nuti-Caniggia, Edizioni Minerva Medica

• Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)

• Macleod's Clinical Examination 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)

Risorse online e video:
• FOAM è un buon sito – bisogna registrarsi per vedere i contenuti
• https://www.ficm.ac.uk/free-open-access-medical-education-foamed
• Blog: ‘life in the fast lane’
• Ci sono migliaia di video su youtube. Ad esempio, scrivere: ‘how to examine the chest’, si otterranno moltissimi esempi
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRWSyqatWQQ

COURSE CONTENTS (SYLLABUS)
The course program includes:
- Medical history taking and its importance in medicine.
- Vital signs and their clinical significance.
- Physical examination of the main body districts: chest, abdomen, head and neck, skin, limbs and peripheral vascular system, joints, nodes, breast. Neurological examination. Nutritional status evaluation and nutritional markers. Main semeiological signs and manoeuvres.
- How to approach the patient with: head pain, back pain, chest pain, abdominal pain, asthenia, insomnia, alterations of appetite or thirst, alterations of bowel transit or diuresis, hematuria, menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, jaundice, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, hiccup, dysphagia, digestive hemorrhage (hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, rectal bleeding), hemoptysis, cough, dyspnea, palpitations, syncope or lipothymia, arterial hypertension, hypotension, itch, fever, cyanosis, edema, acute mental confusion, coma, persistent vegetative state, vertigo, trauma. How to approach a patient with multimorbidity. Overview on the main neurological signs and symptoms.
- How to interpret the main clinical laboratory tests: blood count, glycemia, uricemia, lipid metabolism, markers of kidney injury and function, serum electrolytes, arterial blood gas analysis, markers of liver function, markers of myocardial damage, hemostasis and coagulation tests, inflammatory indexes, hormones, autoantibodies, standard urine test, 24-hour urinary collection, proteinuria, tests on effusions, fecal analysis, microbiological analyses, principles of transfusion medicine. Acid-base metabolism alterations: metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
- Semeiotics of the main clinical syndromes in internal medicine as examples: acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, cardiac valve diseases, pneumonia, pleural effusion, COPD, pneumothorax, acute abdomen, cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, mechanic and functional ileus, nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome, renal colic, urinary tract infections, sepsis, shock, deep venous thrombosis and acute pulmonary thromboembolism, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, stroke, meningitis.
- Instrumental semiotics: clinical imaging and functional tests in heart, vascular, pulmonary, kidney, gastrointestinal, muscle/joint, and neurological diseases.
- Normal ranges of the most commonly used laboratory tests in clinical practice.
- Knowledge of the basic characteristics of EKG recordings in: healthy subjects, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular and atrial tachycardia, extrasystole, atrioventricular blocks, alterations induced by electrolyte imbalances.

Titolo: Essentials of General Surgery
Autori: M.D. Lawrence

• DeGowin’s Diagnostic Examination, 11e, Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL 2020
• Manish Suneja, Joseph F. Szot, Richard F. LeBlond, Donald D. Brown, Dioguardi - Sanna . Moderni aspetti di semeiotica medica - Segni sintomi e malattie. Editore Seu
• R.Dionigi: Chirurgia, Ed. Elsevier,2017
• Symptom to Diagnosis An Evidence Based Guide, Fourth Edition (4th ed.), Scott D.C. Stern, Adam S. Cifu, Diane Altkorn, McGraw-Hill Education; November 2019
• Handbook of Signs & Symptoms, Autore Andrea Borchers, Argomenti Medicina Medicina interna Semeiotica medica, Editore Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2015
• Symptoms and Diagnosis: A Storytelling Medical Book that May Save Your Life Paperback – January 19, by Nabin Sapkota MD (Author), MedTale Publishing, Omaha, NE, 2016
• Symptom Analysis For Medical Students 4th/2018, Author : Rema Pai, ISBN : 9789386480293, Publisher : Paras Medical Books, Edition : 4th, Year : 2018
• The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Robert S. Porter, Merck, 2018
• Macleod's Clinical Examination, 14e by J. Alastair Innes BSc PhD FRCP Ed, Anna R Dover PhD FRCP(Ed), et al. 11 Jun 2018
• Hutchison's Clinical Methods: An Integrated Approach to Clinical Practice, 24e Paperback – 31 May 2017 by Michael Glynn MA MD FRCP FHEA (Editore), William M Drake DM FRCP (Editore)
• Bates' Guide To Physical Examination and History Taking, 13e by Lynn S Bickley MD FACP 25 Sep 2020
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 15 Feb. 2018 by Drew Provan (Editore)
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Diagnosis 3e (Flexicover) (Oxford Medical Handbooks) Flexibound – Illustrated, 18 Sept. 2014 by Huw Llewelyn (Autore), Hock Aun Ang
• Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2), Autori J. Larry Jameson, Anthony S. Fauci, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, Joseph Loscalzo, Editore McGraw Hill Higher Education, Pagine 4400 - 2018, ISBN 9781259644030, McGraw Hill
• Lange A. Anamnesi ed esame obiettivo Masson Editore
• Frada' e Frada' Semeiotica medica nell'adulto e nell'anziano Piccin Editore
• Amoroso Costantino Afeltra Picardi Vettore, Semeiotica pratica sussidio multimediale per l'apprendimento e la verifica delle principali manovre semeiologiche, centro Scientifico Editore.
• MODERNI ASPETTI DI SEMEIOTICA MEDICA, Dioguardi-Sanna, Società Editrice Universo
• METODOLOGIA CLINICA, Nuti-Caniggia, Edizioni Minerva Medica
• Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)
• Macleod's Clinical Examination 13th Edition (Disponibile anche su Amazon nella versione per Kindle)

On line e video:
• FOAM è un buon sito – bisogna registrarsi per vedere i contenuti
• https://www.ficm.ac.uk/free-open-access-medical-education-foamed
• Blog: ‘life in the fast lane’
• Ci sono migliaia di video su youtube. Ad esempio, scrivere: ‘how to examine the chest’, si otterranno moltissimi esempi
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRWSyqatWQQ

• PHARMACOKINETICS
Definition of drug
ADME of drugs: routes of drug administration, distribution in our body, metabolism and elimination
Concepts of bioavailability and bioequivalence of drugs
Drug kinetics, after single and repeated administration
Trade mark and generic drugs, biotechnologic drugs (monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors), biosimilar drugs

• FARMACODYNAMICS
Drugs mechanism of action: receptorial and non-receptorial drugs. Different types of drug receptors
Therapeutic, unwanted and adverse effects of drugs
Agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, allosteric and orthosteric modulators
Conformational changes in drugs receptor after drug binding

• DRUGS EFFECTS
Therapeutic index and risks/benefits ratio evaluation
Dose-effect and time-effect curves, of wanted and unwanted reactions to drugs
Tolerance and dependence

• VARIABILITY IN DRUGS RESPONSE
Pharmacogenomics: individual variability in drugs response, due to genetic variants of target proteins and enzymes involved in drugs metabolism
Concept of personalized medicine (related to gender, age, comorbidity).
Drug interactions

• DRUGS DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development and discovery of new drugs
Experimental pre-clinical e clinical studies aimed at new drugs marketing

• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Agonists and antagonists (nicotinic and muscarinic) of cholinergic system
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Adrenergic drugs: selective α-β stimulants; selective and non-selective α-β antagonists

• CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Drugs for migraine
Antiemetics
Local and general anesthetics
Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines e non-benzodiazepines)
Hypnotics and sedatives (benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines)
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
Antiepileptics
Anti-Parkinson drugs
Medications used to treat dementia and multiple sclerosis
Histamine and anti-histamine
Antispastics

• DRUGS USED TO RELIEVE PAIN, TO TREAT INFLAMMATION AND FEVER
Prostaglandins, tromboxans, prostacyclins
Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics and antipyretics, COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors
Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (SAIDs)
Drugs used to treat gout
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)
Opioids

• DRUGS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
Antihypertensives
Myocardial infarction medications
Drugs used to treat heart failure and acute pulmonary edema
Antianginal drugs
Antiplatelet drugs
Thrombolytic drugs
Anticoagulants
Antiarrhythmic drugs

• GASTROINTESTINAL PHARMACOLOGY
Antiulcer drugs
Laxatives, anti-diarrheal agents
Drugs used to treat gallstones
Drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases

• DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
Drugs for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Bronchodilators: β-agonists; PDE inhibitors, anticholinergics
Antileukotrienes
Corticosteroids
Mast cell stabilizers
Antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants

• ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
Adrenal gland hormones
Insulin, glucose-lowering agents and agents used to treat hypoglycemia
Androgens, estrogens, progestins and antagonists
Contraceptives
Drugs use in pregnancy. Drugs that affect uterine motility

• IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
Immunosuppressants and immunostimulants

• ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy: resistance, drugs selection, drugs combination, side effects.
Inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis
Inhibitors of β-lactamase
Cell membrane targeting antibiotics
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Antibiotic that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Antituberculosis
Antifungals
Antiprotozoans
Anthelmintics
Antivirals

• ANTICANCER AGENTS
Principles of cancer chemotherapy
Innovative targets of anticancer drugs
Alkylating agents
Antimitotic agents
Topoisomerase I e II inhibitors
Antimetabolites
Antineoplastic antibiotics
Antihormones
Immunomodulators
Monoclonal antibodies
Kinases inhibitors
Proteasome inhibitors
PARP inhibitors

a) LL Brunton, R Hilal-Dandan, BC Knollmann. “Goodman and Gilman’s. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics”, XIII edition, McGraw Hill, 2018.
b) BG Katzung, AJ Trevor. “Basic and clinical pharmacology”. 14th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2018.
c) JM Ritter, Rj Flower, G Henderson, YK Loke, D MacEwan, HP Rang. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology, 9th Edition, Elsevier, 2019

- FARMACODYNAMICS
Definition of drug
Drugs mechanism of action: receptorial and non-receptorial drugs. Different types of drug receptors
Therapeutic, unwanted and adverse effects of drugs
Agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, allosteric and orthosteric modulators
Conformational changes in drugs receptor after drug binding
Drug interactions
- DRUGS EFFECTS
Therapeutic index and risks/benefits ratio evaluation
Dose-effect and time-effect curves, of wanted and unwanted reactions to drugs
Tolerance and dependence
- DRUGS DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development and discovery of new drugs
Experimental pre-clinical e clinical studies aimed at new drugs marketing
- AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Agonists and antagonists (nicotinic and muscarinic) of cholinergic system
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Adrenergic drugs: selective α-β stimulants; selective and non-selective α-β antagonists
- CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Drugs for migraine
Antiemetics
Local and general anesthetics
Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines e non-benzodiazepines)
Hypnotics and sedatives (benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines)
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
Antiepileptics
Anti-Parkinson drugs
Medications used to treat dementia and multiple sclerosis
Histamine and anti-histamine
Antispastics
- DRUGS USED TO RELIEVE PAIN, TO TREAT INFLAMMATION AND FEVER
Prostaglandins, tromboxans, prostacyclins
Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics and antipyretics, COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhib-itors
Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (SAIDs)
Drugs used to treat gout
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)
Opioids
- DRUGS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
Antihypertensives
Antiplatelet drugs
Thrombolytic drugs
Anticoagulants
Antiarrhythmic drugs
- GASTROINTESTINAL PHARMACOLOGY
Antiulcer drugs
Laxatives, anti-diarrheal agents
Drugs used to treat gallstones
Drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases
- DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
Drugs for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Bronchodilators: β-agonists; PDE inhibitors, anticholinergics
Antileukotrienes
Corticosteroids
Mast cell stabilizers
Antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants
- ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
Adrenal gland hormones
Insulin, glucose-lowering agents and agents used to treat hypoglycemia
Androgens, estrogens, progestins and antagonists
Contraceptives
Drugs use in pregnancy. Drugs that affect uterine motility
- ANTICANCER AGENTS
Antimitotic agents
Antimetabolites
Antihormones

a) LL Brunton, R Hilal-Dandan, BC Knollmann. “Goodman and Gilman’s. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics”, XIV edition, McGraw Hill, 2022.
b) BG Katzung, AJ Trevor. “Basic and clinical pharmacology”. 14th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2018.

• PHARMACOKINETICS
Definition of drug
ADME of drugs: routes of drug administration, distribution in our body, metabolism and elimination
Concepts of bioavailability and bioequivalence of drugs
Drug kinetics, after single and repeated administration
Trade mark and generic drugs, biotechnologic drugs (monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors), biosimilar drugs

• FARMACODYNAMICS
Drugs mechanism of action: receptorial and non-receptorial drugs. Different types of drug receptors
Therapeutic, unwanted and adverse effects of drugs
Agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, allosteric and orthosteric modulators
Conformational changes in drugs receptor after drug binding

• DRUGS EFFECTS
Therapeutic index and risks/benefits ratio evaluation
Dose-effect and time-effect curves, of wanted and unwanted reactions to drugs
Tolerance and dependence

• VARIABILITY IN DRUGS RESPONSE
Pharmacogenomics: individual variability in drugs response, due to genetic variants of target proteins and enzymes involved in drugs metabolism
Concept of personalized medicine (related to gender, age, comorbidity).
Drug interactions

• DRUGS DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development and discovery of new drugs
Experimental pre-clinical e clinical studies aimed at new drugs marketing

• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Agonists and antagonists (nicotinic and muscarinic) of cholinergic system
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Adrenergic drugs: selective α-β stimulants; selective and non-selective α-β antagonists

• CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Drugs for migraine
Antiemetics
Local and general anesthetics
Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines e non-benzodiazepines)
Hypnotics and sedatives (benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines)
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
Antiepileptics
Anti-Parkinson drugs
Medications used to treat dementia and multiple sclerosis
Histamine and anti-histamine
Antispastics

• DRUGS USED TO RELIEVE PAIN, TO TREAT INFLAMMATION AND FEVER
Prostaglandins, tromboxans, prostacyclins
Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics and antipyretics, COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors
Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (SAIDs)
Drugs used to treat gout
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)
Opioids

• DRUGS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
Antihypertensives
Myocardial infarction medications
Drugs used to treat heart failure and acute pulmonary edema
Antianginal drugs
Antiplatelet drugs
Thrombolytic drugs
Anticoagulants
Antiarrhythmic drugs

• GASTROINTESTINAL PHARMACOLOGY
Antiulcer drugs
Laxatives, anti-diarrheal agents
Drugs used to treat gallstones
Drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases

• DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
Drugs for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Bronchodilators: β-agonists; PDE inhibitors, anticholinergics
Antileukotrienes
Corticosteroids
Mast cell stabilizers
Antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants

• ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
Adrenal gland hormones
Insulin, glucose-lowering agents and agents used to treat hypoglycemia
Androgens, estrogens, progestins and antagonists
Contraceptives
Drugs use in pregnancy. Drugs that affect uterine motility

• IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
Immunosuppressants and immunostimulants

• ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy: resistance, drugs selection, drugs combination, side effects.
Inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis
Inhibitors of β-lactamase
Cell membrane targeting antibiotics
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Antibiotic that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Antituberculosis
Antifungals
Antiprotozoans
Anthelmintics
Antivirals

• ANTICANCER AGENTS
Principles of cancer chemotherapy
Innovative targets of anticancer drugs
Alkylating agents
Antimitotic agents
Topoisomerase I e II inhibitors
Antimetabolites
Antineoplastic antibiotics
Antihormones
Immunomodulators
Monoclonal antibodies
Kinases inhibitors
Proteasome inhibitors
PARP inhibitors

a) LL Brunton, R Hilal-Dandan, BC Knollmann. “Goodman and Gilman’s. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics”, XIII edition, McGraw Hill, 2018.
b) BG Katzung, AJ Trevor. “Basic and clinical pharmacology”. 14th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2018.
c) JM Ritter, Rj Flower, G Henderson, YK Loke, D MacEwan, HP Rang. Rang & Dale's Pharmacology, 9th Edition, Elsevier, 2019

- FARMACODYNAMICS
Definition of drug
Drugs mechanism of action: receptorial and non-receptorial drugs. Different types of drug receptors
Therapeutic, unwanted and adverse effects of drugs
Agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, allosteric and orthosteric modulators
Conformational changes in drugs receptor after drug binding
Drug interactions
- DRUGS EFFECTS
Therapeutic index and risks/benefits ratio evaluation
Dose-effect and time-effect curves, of wanted and unwanted reactions to drugs
Tolerance and dependence
- DRUGS DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development and discovery of new drugs
Experimental pre-clinical e clinical studies aimed at new drugs marketing
- AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Agonists and antagonists (nicotinic and muscarinic) of cholinergic system
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Adrenergic drugs: selective α-β stimulants; selective and non-selective α-β antagonists
- CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS
Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Drugs for migraine
Antiemetics
Local and general anesthetics
Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines e non-benzodiazepines)
Hypnotics and sedatives (benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines)
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
Antiepileptics
Anti-Parkinson drugs
Medications used to treat dementia and multiple sclerosis
Histamine and anti-histamine
Antispastics
- DRUGS USED TO RELIEVE PAIN, TO TREAT INFLAMMATION AND FEVER
Prostaglandins, tromboxans, prostacyclins
Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics and antipyretics, COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhib-itors
Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (SAIDs)
Drugs used to treat gout
Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDS)
Opioids
- DRUGS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
Antihypertensives
Antiplatelet drugs
Thrombolytic drugs
Anticoagulants
Antiarrhythmic drugs
- GASTROINTESTINAL PHARMACOLOGY
Antiulcer drugs
Laxatives, anti-diarrheal agents
Drugs used to treat gallstones
Drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases
- DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
Drugs for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Bronchodilators: β-agonists; PDE inhibitors, anticholinergics
Antileukotrienes
Corticosteroids
Mast cell stabilizers
Antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants
- ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
Adrenal gland hormones
Insulin, glucose-lowering agents and agents used to treat hypoglycemia
Androgens, estrogens, progestins and antagonists
Contraceptives
Drugs use in pregnancy. Drugs that affect uterine motility
- ANTICANCER AGENTS
Antimitotic agents
Antimetabolites
Antihormones

a) LL Brunton, R Hilal-Dandan, BC Knollmann. “Goodman and Gilman’s. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics”, XIV edition, McGraw Hill, 2022.
b) BG Katzung, AJ Trevor. “Basic and clinical pharmacology”. 14th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2018.

Epidemiology
• Epidemiology: Definition and historical background; from Aristoteles to the modern idea of causality; risk factors; exposure and association; Badford Hill criteria.
• Demography fundamentals: demographic transition; ageing; demographic trends and health determinants; new perspectives in health definitions; ICD and ICDHI; multidimension and the doctor-patient relationship
• Health statistics fundamentals: measures of central tendency; frequency distribution; measures of statistical dispersion; fundamentals of probability; fundamentals of a sample size calculation
• Determinants of health: nutrition, income, education; incidence and prevalence; confounding factors and standardized rates; random and systematic bias.
• Epidemiological investigation: case-control studies; cohort studies; randomized controlled trials; Odds Ratio, relative risk, attributable risk and etiologic fraction.
• Screening: definition; system, disease and test requirements; sensibility and specificity, negative and positive predictive value; applications


Hygiene
• General and applied hygiene: definition of health and disease: definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• Hygiene of the physical environment: air, water, soil, climate, ionizing radiation;
• Hygiene of the biological environment: microorganisms, foods;
• Hygiene of the the social environment: urbanization, housing;
• Hygiene of the patient and hospital hygiene: asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, disinfestation, sterilization, hospital waste, hospital infections, occupational risks;
• Prophylaxis of infectious diseases: notification, diagnostic assessment, isolation, vaccination and seroprophylaxis.

Organization and planning in health
• Organization of health systems: principles and aims of health organization; organization models of health service; levels of assistance; organization of the hospital; social and health integration; local services; health planning at national and regional level; international health planning.

Epidemiology: definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

• Material provided by the teacher.
• Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43541

Epidemiology
• Epidemiology: Definition and historical background; from Aristoteles to the modern idea of causality; risk factors; exposure and association; Badford Hill criteria.
• Demography fundamentals: demographic transition; ageing; demographic trends and health determinants; new perspectives in health definitions; ICD and ICDHI; multidimension and the doctor-patient relationship
• Health statistics fundamentals: measures of central tendency; frequency distribution; measures of statistical dispersion; fundamentals of probability; fundamentals of a sample size calculation
• Determinants of health: nutrition, income, education; incidence and prevalence; confounding factors and standardized rates; random and systematic bias.
• Epidemiological investigation: case-control studies; cohort studies; randomized controlled trials; Odds Ratio, relative risk, attributable risk and etiologic fraction.
• Screening: definition; system, disease and test requirements; sensibility and specificity, negative and positive predictive value; applications


Hygiene
• General and applied hygiene: definition of health and disease: definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• Hygiene of the physical environment: air, water, soil, climate, ionizing radiation;
• Hygiene of the biological environment: microorganisms, foods;
• Hygiene of the the social environment: urbanization, housing;
• Hygiene of the patient and hospital hygiene: asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, disinfestation, sterilization, hospital waste, hospital infections, occupational risks;
• Prophylaxis of infectious diseases: notification, diagnostic assessment, isolation, vaccination and seroprophylaxis.

Organization and planning in health
• Organization of health systems: principles and aims of health organization; organization models of health service; levels of assistance; organization of the hospital; social and health integration; local services; health planning at national and regional level; international health planning.

Epidemiology: definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

• Material provided by the teacher.
• Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43541

Epidemiology
• Epidemiology: Definition and historical background; from Aristoteles to the modern idea of causality; risk factors; exposure and association; Badford Hill criteria.
• Demography fundamentals: demographic transition; ageing; demographic trends and health determinants; new perspectives in health definitions; ICD and ICDHI; multidimension and the doctor-patient relationship
• Health statistics fundamentals: measures of central tendency; frequency distribution; measures of statistical dispersion; fundamentals of probability; fundamentals of a sample size calculation
• Determinants of health: nutrition, income, education; incidence and prevalence; confounding factors and standardized rates; random and systematic bias.
• Epidemiological investigation: case-control studies; cohort studies; randomized controlled trials; Odds Ratio, relative risk, attributable risk and etiologic fraction.
• Screening: definition; system, disease and test requirements; sensibility and specificity, negative and positive predictive value; applications

Hygiene
• General and applied hygiene: definition of health and disease: definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• Hygiene of the physical environment: air, water, soil, climate, ionizing radiation;
• Hygiene of the biological environment: microorganisms, foods;
• Hygiene of the the social environment: urbanization, housing;
• Hygiene of the patient and hospital hygiene: asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, disinfestation, sterilization, hospital waste, hospital infections, occupational risks;
• Prophylaxis of infectious diseases: notification, diagnostic assessment, isolation, vaccination and seroprophylaxis.

Organization and planning in health
• Organization of health systems: principles and aims of health organization; organization models of health service; levels of assistance; organization of the hospital; social and health integration; local services; health planning at national and regional level; international health planning.

Epidemiology: definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

READING MATERIALS
• Material provided by the teacher.
• Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43541

Epidemiology
• Epidemiology: Definition and historical background; from Aristoteles to the modern idea of causality; risk factors; exposure and association; Badford Hill criteria.
• Demography fundamentals: demographic transition; ageing; demographic trends and health determinants; new perspectives in health definitions; ICD and ICDHI; multidimension and the doctor-patient relationship
• Health statistics fundamentals: measures of central tendency; frequency distribution; measures of statistical dispersion; fundamentals of probability; fundamentals of a sample size calculation
• Determinants of health: nutrition, income, education; incidence and prevalence; confounding factors and standardized rates; random and systematic bias.
• Epidemiological investigation: case-control studies; cohort studies; randomized controlled trials; Odds Ratio, relative risk, attributable risk and etiologic fraction.
• Screening: definition; system, disease and test requirements; sensibility and specificity, negative and positive predictive value; applications

Hygiene
• General and applied hygiene: definition of health and disease: definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• Hygiene of the physical environment: air, water, soil, climate, ionizing radiation;
• Hygiene of the biological environment: microorganisms, foods;
• Hygiene of the the social environment: urbanization, housing;
• Hygiene of the patient and hospital hygiene: asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, disinfestation, sterilization, hospital waste, hospital infections, occupational risks;
• Prophylaxis of infectious diseases: notification, diagnostic assessment, isolation, vaccination and seroprophylaxis.

Organization and planning in health
• Organization of health systems: principles and aims of health organization; organization models of health service; levels of assistance; organization of the hospital; social and health integration; local services; health planning at national and regional level; international health planning.

Epidemiology: definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

READING MATERIALS
• Material provided by the teacher.
• Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43541

Epidemiology
• Epidemiology: Definition and historical background; from Aristoteles to the modern idea of causality; risk factors; exposure and association; Badford Hill criteria.
• Demography fundamentals: demographic transition; ageing; demographic trends and health determinants; new perspectives in health definitions; ICD and ICDHI; multidimension and the doctor-patient relationship
• Health statistics fundamentals: measures of central tendency; frequency distribution; measures of statistical dispersion; fundamentals of probability; fundamentals of a sample size calculation
• Determinants of health: nutrition, income, education; incidence and prevalence; confounding factors and standardized rates; random and systematic bias.
• Epidemiological investigation: case-control studies; cohort studies; randomized controlled trials; Odds Ratio, relative risk, attributable risk and etiologic fraction.
• Screening: definition; system, disease and test requirements; sensibility and specificity, negative and positive predictive value; applications

Hygiene
• General and applied hygiene: definition of health and disease: definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• Hygiene of the physical environment: air, water, soil, climate, ionizing radiation;
• Hygiene of the biological environment: microorganisms, foods;
• Hygiene of the the social environment: urbanization, housing;
• Hygiene of the patient and hospital hygiene: asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, disinfestation, sterilization, hospital waste, hospital infections, occupational risks;
• Prophylaxis of infectious diseases: notification, diagnostic assessment, isolation, vaccination and seroprophylaxis.

Organization and planning in health
• Organization of health systems: principles and aims of health organization; organization models of health service; levels of assistance; organization of the hospital; social and health integration; local services; health planning at national and regional level; international health planning.

Epidemiology: definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

READING MATERIALS
• Material provided by the teacher.
• Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43541

Epidemiology
• Epidemiology: Definition and historical background; from Aristoteles to the modern idea of causality; risk factors; exposure and association; Badford Hill criteria.
• Demography fundamentals: demographic transition; ageing; demographic trends and health determinants; new perspectives in health definitions; ICD and ICDHI; multidimension and the doctor-patient relationship
• Health statistics fundamentals: measures of central tendency; frequency distribution; measures of statistical dispersion; fundamentals of probability; fundamentals of a sample size calculation
• Determinants of health: nutrition, income, education; incidence and prevalence; confounding factors and standardized rates; random and systematic bias.
• Epidemiological investigation: case-control studies; cohort studies; randomized controlled trials; Odds Ratio, relative risk, attributable risk and etiologic fraction.
• Screening: definition; system, disease and test requirements; sensibility and specificity, negative and positive predictive value; applications

Hygiene
• General and applied hygiene: definition of health and disease: definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• Hygiene of the physical environment: air, water, soil, climate, ionizing radiation;
• Hygiene of the biological environment: microorganisms, foods;
• Hygiene of the the social environment: urbanization, housing;
• Hygiene of the patient and hospital hygiene: asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, disinfestation, sterilization, hospital waste, hospital infections, occupational risks;
• Prophylaxis of infectious diseases: notification, diagnostic assessment, isolation, vaccination and seroprophylaxis.

Organization and planning in health
• Organization of health systems: principles and aims of health organization; organization models of health service; levels of assistance; organization of the hospital; social and health integration; local services; health planning at national and regional level; international health planning.

Epidemiology: definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

• Materiale fornito dal docente.
• Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43541

• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.

• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.

• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.

• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.

• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.

• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.

• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).

• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.

• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.

• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.

• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.

• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.

• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.

• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.

• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.

• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).

• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.

• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.

• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.

• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.

• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.

• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.

• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.

• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.

• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).

• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.

• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.

• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth
Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth
Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth
Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth
Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

PROGRAMMA
• Introduzione all’Anatomia Patologica: attività dell’Anatomia Patologica; tipologia di esami, definitivi ed intraoperatori; gestione del campione; tecniche istologiche, citologiche comprensive delle varie tecniche ancellari con cenni di tecniche molecolari.
• Patologia delle alte e basse vie respiratorie: Patologia del cavo orale non neoplastica e neoplastica - Patologia delle ghiandole salivari - Patologie del faringe e laringe - Malattia neonatale a membrane ialine - Edema polmonare - Embolia polmonare - Enfisema polmonare - Ipertensione del circolo polmonare - Danno alveolare diffuso (DAD) ed insufficienza respiratoria acuta - Polmoniti e broncopolmoniti batteriche – La tubercolosi polmonare - Polmoniti interstiziali; fibrosi polmonari - Asma bronchiale; alveoliti allergiche estrinseche - Neoplasie polmonari - Pneumoconiosi - Patologia della pleura.
• Patologia cardiovascolare: Cardiopatia ischemica - Miocarditi - Pericarditi - Endocarditi - Cardiomiopatie primitive - Generalità sulle malformazioni cardiache - Aterosclerosi - Aneurismi - Arteriti.
• Patologia della mammella: Generalità - Patologia non-carcinoma - Malattia proliferativa della mammella – Carcinoma della mammella - Generalità- Tipi macroscopici e microscopici - Metodi di screening - Fattori prognostici - Morfologici - Immunoistochimici – Ploidia.
• Patologia del mediastino, con particolare riguardo a quella timica.
• Patologia dell’apparato digerente: Patologia dell’esofago - Patologia non neoplastica dello stomaco - Polipi gastrointestinali - Tumori dello stomaco - Patologia non neoplastica dell’intestino con particolare riguardo alle malattie infiammatorie intestinali - Tumori dell’intestino - Parametri di diagnostica istopatologica epatica - Epatiti acute e croniche - Patologia epatica colestatica ed alcoolica - Cirrosi e carcinoma epatico - Patologia del fegato trapiantato - Patologia della colecisti e delle vie biliari extra epatiche - Patologia non neoplastica del pancreas – Tumori pancreatici - Amiloidosi.
• Patologia del sistema uropoietico e patologia dell’apparato genitale femminile e maschile: Sindrome nefrosica - Sindrome nefritica – Principali glomerulopatie primitive e secondarie - Pielonefriti - Nefroangiosclerosi - Tumori del rene e delle vie escretrici (uretere e vescica) - Tubercolosi renale - Patologia della prostata: Patologia infiammatoria - Patologia neoplastica benigna - Patologia neoplastica maligna - Carcinoma prostatico – Morfologia - Fattori prognostici - Patologia ovarica: Patologia ovarica non neoplastica - Patologia ovarica neoplastica - Neoplasia benigna – Neoplasia maligna - Tumori borderline; Patologia del corpo uterino: Patologia del miometrio - Patologia dell’endometrio - Patologia della cervice uterina; Patologia del testicolo: Patologia non neoplastica - Patologia neoplastica (classificazione).
• Patologia del sistema nervoso centrale: Ipertensione - Patologie vascolari – Traumi - Flogosi & infezioni - Malattie degenerative - Neoplasie.
• Argomenti di Ematopatologia: Ontogenesi T linfocitaria - Ontogenesi B linfocitaria – Morfofunzione degli organi linfoidi periferici - Il follicolo secondario ed il centro germinativo nella risposta immune - Le linfoadeniti e Le splenomegalie – La biopsia osteomidollare e le neoplasie mieloproliferative croniche – Linfomi non Hodgkin a cellule B – Linfoma di Hodgkin – Linfomi non Hodgkin a cellule T.
• Patologia cutanea e dei tessuti molli: Nevi - Melanomi - Carcinomi baso- e spino-cellulari; Principali tumori dei tessuti molli.
• Patologia endocrina: Patologia della adenoipofisi: Adenomi ipofisari – Adenoipofisite linfocitaria - Cisti di Rathke- Craniofaringioma. Patologia del surrene: malformazioni, patologia vascolare, patologia infiammatoria/infettiva. Patologie del corticosurrene: Iperfunzione congenita - Iperfunzione primitiva - Iperplasia macronodulare – Mielolipoma - Adenomi - Carcinomi - Iperfunzione secondaria – Ipofunzione - Patologia neoplastica della midollare del surrene: feocromocitoma, neuroblastoma. Patologia della tiroide: Malformazioni - Gozzo - Tumori - Tiroiditi.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

SYLLABUS
• Introduction to Pathological Anatomy: activities of Pathological Anatomy; type of exams, definitive and intraoperative; specimen management; histological and cytological techniques including the various ancillary techniques with hints of molecular techniques.
• Pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic oral cavity pathology - Salivary gland pathology - Pharyngeal and laryngeal pathologies - Neonatal hyaline membrane disease - Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary embolism - Pulmonary emphysema - Pulmonary hypertension - Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) and acute respiratory failure - Bacterial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia - Pulmonary tuberculosis - Interstitial pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis - Bronchial asthma; extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Lung neoplasms - Pneumoconiosis - Pathology of the pleura.
• Cardiovascular pathology: Ischemic heart disease - Myocarditis - Pericarditis - Endocarditis - Primary cardiomyopathies - General information on cardiac malformations - Atherosclerosis - Aneurysms - Arteritis.
• Breast pathology: General - Non-carcinoma pathology - Breast proliferative disease - Breast cancer - General - Macroscopic and microscopic types - Screening methods - Prognostic factors - Morphological - Immunohistochemical - Ploidy.
• Pathology of the mediastinum, with particular regard to the thymic one.
• Pathology of the digestive system: Pathology of the esophagus - Non-neoplastic pathology of the stomach - Gastrointestinal polyps - Tumors of the stomach - Non-neoplastic pathology of the intestine with particular regard to inflammatory bowel diseases - Intestinal tumors - Histopathological diagnostic parameters of the liver - Acute and chronic hepatitis - Cholestatic pathology and alcoholic liver disease - Cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma - Pathology of the transplanted liver - Pathology of the gallbladder and extra-hepatic biliary tract - Non-neoplastic pathology of the pancreas - Pancreatic tumors - Amyloidosis.
• Pathology of the uropoietic system and pathology of the female and male genital tract: Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Main primary and secondary glomerulopathies - Pyelonephritis - Nephroangiosclerosis - Tumors of the kidney and excretory tracts (ureter and bladder) - Renal tuberculosis - Pathology of the prostate : Inflammatory pathology - Benign neoplastic pathology - Malignant neoplastic pathology - Prostate carcinoma - Morphology - Prognostic factors - Ovarian pathology: Non-neoplastic ovarian pathology - Neoplastic ovarian pathology - Benign neoplasm - Malignant neoplasm - Borderline tumors; Pathology of the uterine body: Pathology of the myometrium - Pathology of the endometrium - Pathology of the uterine cervix; Pathology of the testis: Non-neoplastic pathology - Neoplastic pathology (classification).
• Pathology of the central nervous system: Hypertension - Vascular diseases - Trauma - Inflammation & infections - Degenerative diseases - Neoplasms.
• Hematopathology: T lymphocyte ontogenesis - B lymphocyte ontogenesis - Morphofunction of peripheral lymphoid organs - Secondary follicle and germinal center in the immune response - Lymphadenitis and splenomegaly - Osteomedullary biopsy and chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms - B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas - Hodgkin's lymphoma - T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
• Skin and soft tissue pathology: Nevi - Melanomas - Basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas; major soft tissue tumors.
• Endocrine pathology: Pathology of the adenohypophysis: Pituitary adenomas - Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis - Rathke's cyst - Craniopharyngioma. Pathology of the adrenal gland: malformations, vascular pathology, inflammatory / infectious pathology. Adrenocortical disorders: Congenital hyperfunction - Primary hyperfunction - Macronodular hyperplasia - Myelolipoma - Adenomas - Carcinomas - Secondary hyperfunction - Hypofunction - Neoplastic pathology of the adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma. Thyroid pathology: Malformations - Goiter - Tumors - Thyroiditis.

READING MATERIALS
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Pathologic Bases of Disease, Tenth
Edition, Elsevier, 2020.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Atlas of Pathology, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2015.
• ROBBINS AND COTRAN, Review of Pathology, Fifth Edition, Elsevier, 2021.
• Rubin's Pathology: Mechanisms of Human Disease, Eighth edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2019
• Lippincott's Illustrated Q&A Review of Rubin's Pathology, Second edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2011

• The esophagus: principles of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology
• GERD, its different phenotypes and related complications; diagnostic tools and therapy
• Primitive and secondary esophageal motility disorders.
• Esophageal neoplasias: squamous cancer, Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma
• H. pylori infections and related complications
• Peptic ulcers and different pattern of gastritis.
• Gastric cancer; histology and genetic and enviromental factors
• Diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
• Etiology of upper bleeding ( ulcers, MW, angiodysplasia GAVE, Dieulafoy, Kaposi, NHL, hemobilia….)
• Celiac disease and complications
• Chronic diarrhea, diagnostic and therapeutic management
• Addominal pain: anatomical and functional disease: IBS
• Inflammatory bowel diseases: ulcerative colitis and Crohn
• Colonic lesions: polyps, colo-rectal cancer, sporadic cancer and hereditary syndromes ; genetic factors and evidence based therapy, including biologic treatments
• Physiology and pathophysiology of bile secretion ; gallstone stones and complications
• Acute and chronic pancreatitis
• The liver: functional anatomy ( Rappaport unit)
• Viral, autoimmune and drug-induced hepatitis: histology, diagnostic patterns, route of transmission, clinical presentation , prognosis and therapy of chronic liver diseases
• Acute hepatitis and acute liver failure: severity scores and transplantation
• Major indications to liver transplantation.
• Liver cirrhosis, definition, scores, and major complication: portal hypertension
• Esophageal and gastric varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy: pathophysiology.
• Variceal bleeding and treatment: acute setting, primary and secondary prophylaxis
• Hepatic encephalopathy: pathophysiology, classification, prognosis and therapy
• Ascites and hydrotorax: pathophysiology, classification, prognosis and therapy
• Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and principles of renal failure following hepatic disease.
• Pulmonary syndromes: hepato-pulmonary and porto-pulmonary syndromes
• Hepatocellular carcinoma : epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment according to BCLC.
• Cholestatic diseases: primary biliary cholangitis and PSC
• Metabolic- induced hepatic diseases: NAFDL/ Wilson and hemocromatosis

Harrison‘s Principles of Internal Medicine
Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease
Reviews on the above cited topics, retrieved from PubMed

- General principles

- Physiology and pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary- endocrine gland axis

- Physiology and pathophysiology of the endocrine pancreas

- Diabetes Mellitus: classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, medical treatment. Chronic and acute complications

- Eating disorders and hypoglycemia

- Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

- Female and male gonad: From the physiology to the pathophysiology

- Physiology and pathophysiology of calcium-phosphorus metabolism of the parathyroid glands

- Osteoporosis and endocrine diseases of the bone

- Physiology of the thyroid gland and thyroid diseases (thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid neoplasia)

• Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 14th edition by Shlomo Melmed, Ronald Koenig, Cliffors Rosen, Richard Auchusm Allison Goldfine
• Harrison’s Endocrinology 4th edition by J.Larry Jameson, editor McGraw Hill Higher Education
• Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 10th Edition by David G. Gardner, Dolores Shoback

Endocrinology
• General principles
• Physiology and pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary- endocrine gland axis.
• Physiology and pathophysiology of the endocrine pancreas.
• Diabetes Mellitus: classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, medical treatment. Chronic and acute complications.
• Eating disorders and hypoglycemia
• Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.
• Female and male gonad: From the physiology to the pathophysiology
• Physiology and pathophysiology of calcium-phosphorus metabolism of the parathyroid glands.
• Osteoporosis and endocrine diseases of the bone.
• Physiology of the thyroid gland and thyroid diseases (thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid neoplasia).

Endocrinology
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 14th edition by Shlomo Melmed, Ronald Koenig, Cliffors Rosen, Richard Auchusm Allison Goldfine
Harrison’s Endocrinology 4th edition by J.Larry Jameson, editor McGraw Hill Higher Education
Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 10th Edition by David G. Gardner, Dolores Shoback

Endocrinology
• General principles
• Physiology and pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary- endocrine gland axis.
• Physiology and pathophysiology of the endocrine pancreas.
• Diabetes Mellitus: classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, medical treatment. Chronic and acute complications.
• Eating disorders and hypoglycemia
• Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.
• Female and male gonad: From the physiology to the pathophysiology
• Physiology and pathophysiology of calcium-phosphorus metabolism of the parathyroid glands.
• Osteoporosis and endocrine diseases of the bone.
• Physiology of the thyroid gland and thyroid diseases (thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid neoplasia).

Endocrinology
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 14th edition by Shlomo Melmed, Ronald Koenig, Cliffors Rosen, Richard Auchusm Allison Goldfine
Harrison’s Endocrinology 4th edition by J.Larry Jameson, editor McGraw Hill Higher Education
Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 10th Edition by David G. Gardner, Dolores Shoback

Nosography of nephropathies

Semeiotical Nephrology

Acid Base and electrolytes disorders

Glomerular Nephropaties:
-Classification
-Pathogenesis

Nephrotic Syndrome:
- minimal cgange disease
- focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis
- membranous nephropathy

Nephritic Syndrome:
- post streptococcical nephritis
- Berger neprhtis

Acid base and electrolytes disorders
- essentials
- practical approach

Other Glomerulonephritis:
- membrano-proliferative
- rapidly progressive

Secondary Nephropathies (I):
- LES
- diabetic nephropathy

Other Glomerulonephritis(II):
- crioglobulinemia
- myeloma kidney
- amyloidosis

Vasculitis:
- PAN
- ANCA Vasculitis
- immunecomplex vsculitis

Thrombotic Mycroangiopaty:
- eus e PTT

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE I:
- Major electrolyte disorders (sodium and potassium)
- Prerenal form

ACUTE RENAL FIALURE II:
- Forma Organica
- Forma post-renale

EREDITARY NEPHROPATHIES:
- ADPKD
- ALPORT syndrome
-Fabry disease

Nefropatie ereditarie II:
- Sindrome di Alport
- Malattia di Fabry

Pregnacy and kidney

Chronic Renal Failure

Dialysis:
- Hemodialysis
- peritoneal dialysis
-kiney transplantation

Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology E-Book (English Edition) 6°- Richard J. Johnson , John Feehally - ‎ Elsevier; 6° edition (June 2018)

• basics of the anatomy of the urogenital system and physiology of urination.
• bases of semeiotics of the urogenital system
• Complicated and uncomplicated urinary infections
•BPH
• Bladder neck disease
• Urethral stricture
• urological syndromes
•Urinary incontinence
• urinary stones, hydronephrosis.
• tumors of the urogenital system (bladder, upper urinary tract, kidney, prostate, testicle, penis)
• genitourinary malformations
• urological emergencies
• bladder catheterization and other urinary drainages
• urostomies: management and complications

Smith and Tanagho’s General urology, Jack Mcaninichch, Tom Lue, Mc Grow Hill Education - Campbell-Walsh Urology 11th Edition Review - Elsevier 

- Evaluation of nutritional status and energy needs;

- Principles of diet therapy;

- Nutrition and chronic degenerative pathology;

- obesity phenotypes;

- Intestinal microbiota and psychobiome;

- Precision Nutrition in Predictive, Preventive, Personalized and Participatory Medicine

Janice L. Kelly, Raymond Morrow
Krause and Mahan’s Food & The Nutrition Care Process 15th Edition
Elsevier

Blood Diseases
• Bone marrow niche
• The hematopoietic stem cell
• Hematopoiesis
• Anemias
• Clonal haematopoiesis (ARCH, CHIP, ICUS, CCUS and IDUS)
• Myelodysplastic syndromes
• Acute myeloid leukemia
• Myeloproliferative disorders
• Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• Lymphoma

Blood Diseases
• Hematology: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Sante Tura, Michele Cavo e Pier Luigi Zinzani. case editrice Esculapio.
• The slides shown during the course will be made available to the student and will constitute the support material to guide the student towards the correct study method.

- Introduction to Non Communicable Diseases and clinical methodology

- Global burden of diseases

- Impact of the Covid Pandemic on Chronic Disease Patients

- Digital Health

- Cardiovascular diseases with particular attention to prevention programs

- The pathophysiological bases of stroke cerebri, risk factors and clinical pictures

- Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Obstructive Disease (COPD)

- The bases of metabolic diseases with particular reference to Diabetes Mellitus

- Kaspi, Haucer, Fauci, Longo, Jameson, Lo Scalzo. Harrisons Manual of Medicine, 19th Edition (Harrison's Manual of Medicine) (English Edition)
Available also the Pocket Manual
McGraw-Hill Education / Medical; 19th Edition (2016)
ISBN 978-0-07-182852-9

- Fred F. Ferri. Practical Guide to the care of the Medical Patient.
Mosby Elsevier (9th Edition) 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4557-4459-6

- Teaching material provided by the teacher during the lessons

- Classification of rheumatic diseases and their differential diagnosis

- Rheumatoid arthritis

- Spondyloenthesoarthritis

- Microcrystalline arthrtitis (gout and pseudogout)

- Fibromyalgia

- Rheumatic fever

- Osteoarthritis

- Discussion of clinical cases

- Harrison’s Rheumatology, latest edition

- Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition

General considerations on Infectious Diseases:

- Concepts of colonization, infection, infectious disease
- Modes of transmission
- Mechanisms of microorganism-host interaction
- The body’s defenses against infectious agents
- Diagnostic work up and basics on treatment of infectious diseases
- Guide to infection prevention and control measures in the community and healthcare settings
- Globalization and infectious diseases

Specific topics:

- Community acquired infecions
- Healthcare associated infections
- Infections in the immunocompromised patient
- Emerging and re-emerging infections
- Principles for the use of antimicrobials, including antimicrobial stewardship
- Use of laboratory and microbiological data in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases
- Proper use of epidemiological data (surveillance systems, outbreak, etc.)

- Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Infectious Disease Essentials, by John E. Bennett MD (Author), Raphael Dolin MD (Author), Martin J. Blaser MD (Author)-Elsevier

- Scientific papers published by international journals on the topics covered will be made available.

General considerations on Infectious Diseases:

- Concepts of colonization, infection, infectious disease
- Modes of transmission
- Mechanisms of microorganism-host interaction
- The body’s defenses against infectious agents
- Diagnostic work up and basics on treatment of infectious diseases
- Guide to infection prevention and control measures in the community and healthcare settings
- Globalization and infectious diseases

Specific topics:

- Community acquired infecions
- Healthcare associated infections
- Infections in the immunocompromised patient
- Emerging and re-emerging infections
- Principles for the use of antimicrobials, including antimicrobial stewardship
- Use of laboratory and microbiological data in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases
- Proper use of epidemiological data (surveillance systems, outbreak, etc.)

- Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Infectious Disease Essentials, by John E. Bennett MD (Author), Raphael Dolin MD (Author), Martin J. Blaser MD (Author)-Elsevier

- Scientific papers published by international journals on the topics covered will be made available.

COURSE SYLLABUS

• Outline of anatomy and embryology of the female genital system
• The anatomical and biological basis of the reproductive function
• Physiopathology of the female and male reproductive system
• Amenorrhea, chronic anovularoty and hyperandrogenism, and other abnormalities of the menstrual cycle.
• Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome
• Gynecological diagnostics
• Women's sexuality and its dysfunctions
• Fertilization and nesting
• Couple infertility
• Repeated abortion
• The techniques of PMA
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
• Principles of obstetrics semeiotics
• Ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis and treatment
• Prenatal diagnosis (NIPT, Villocentesis, amniocentesis)
• Monitoring of pregnancy and fetal growth
• Multiple pregnancy
• Infectious diseases in pregnancy
• Hypertension in pregnancy
• Gestational diabetes
• Childbirth labor and fetal monitoring
• Childbirth (eutocic, operative, Caesarean section)
• Postpartum pathologies
• Law 194 and abortion
• Surgical Anatomy
• Preoperative Considerations
• Intraoperative considerations
• Minimally Invasive Surgery Fundamentals
• Postoperative considerations
• Hysterosopy
• Laparoscopy
• Laparotomy
• Endometrials Polyps
• Adnexal Mass
• Myomas
• Cervical Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Ovarian germ cell and sex cord-stromal Tumours
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic organ prolapsed
• Urinary incontinence
• Chronic Pelvic pain

READING MATERIALS

• Title: Williams Gynecology (4th Edition)
Release date: 2020
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: Barbara L. Hoffman, John O. Schorge, Karen D. Bradshaw, Lisa M. Halvorson, Joseph I. Schaffer, Marlene M. Corton
Mandatory: No

• Title: Williams Obstetrics (25th Edition)
Release date: 2018
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: F. Gary Cunningham, Kenneth J. Leveno, Steven L. Bloom, Jodi S. Dashe,
Barbara L. Hoffman, Brian M. Casey, Catherine Y. Spong
Mandatory: No

• Title: Ostetricia e ginecologia
Release date: settembre 2021
Publisher: Idelson-Gnocchi
Edition: 2
Author: Nicola Colacurci, Luigi Cobellis, Pasquale De Franciscis

• Title: Ginecologia e ostetricia
Release date: 2017
Publisher: Seu
Author: Pescetto, De Cecco, Pecorari, Ragni
Mandatory: No

COURSE SYLLABUS

• Outline of anatomy and embryology of the female genital system
• The anatomical and biological basis of the reproductive function
• Physiopathology of the female and male reproductive system
• Amenorrhea, chronic anovularoty and hyperandrogenism, and other abnormalities of the menstrual cycle.
• Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome
• Gynecological diagnostics
• Women's sexuality and its dysfunctions
• Fertilization and nesting
• Couple infertility
• Repeated abortion
• The techniques of PMA
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
• Principles of obstetrics semeiotics
• Ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis and treatment
• Prenatal diagnosis (NIPT, Villocentesis, amniocentesis)
• Monitoring of pregnancy and fetal growth
• Multiple pregnancy
• Infectious diseases in pregnancy
• Hypertension in pregnancy
• Gestational diabetes
• Childbirth labor and fetal monitoring
• Childbirth (eutocic, operative, Caesarean section)
• Postpartum pathologies
• Law 194 and abortion
• Surgical Anatomy
• Preoperative Considerations
• Intraoperative considerations
• Minimally Invasive Surgery Fundamentals
• Postoperative considerations
• Hysterosopy
• Laparoscopy
• Laparotomy
• Endometrials Polyps
• Adnexal Mass
• Myomas
• Cervical Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Ovarian germ cell and sex cord-stromal Tumours
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic organ prolapsed
• Urinary incontinence
• Chronic Pelvic pain

READING MATERIALS

• Title: Williams Gynecology (4th Edition)
Release date: 2020
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: Barbara L. Hoffman, John O. Schorge, Karen D. Bradshaw, Lisa M. Halvorson, Joseph I. Schaffer, Marlene M. Corton
Mandatory: No

• Title: Williams Obstetrics (25th Edition)
Release date: 2018
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: F. Gary Cunningham, Kenneth J. Leveno, Steven L. Bloom, Jodi S. Dashe,
Barbara L. Hoffman, Brian M. Casey, Catherine Y. Spong
Mandatory: No

• Title: Ostetricia e ginecologia
Release date: settembre 2021
Publisher: Idelson-Gnocchi
Edition: 2
Author: Nicola Colacurci, Luigi Cobellis, Pasquale De Franciscis

• Title: Ginecologia e ostetricia
Release date: 2017
Publisher: Seu
Author: Pescetto, De Cecco, Pecorari, Ragni
Mandatory: No

COURSE SYLLABUS

• Outline of anatomy and embryology of the female genital system
• The anatomical and biological basis of the reproductive function
• Physiopathology of the female and male reproductive system
• Amenorrhea, chronic anovularoty and hyperandrogenism, and other abnormalities of the menstrual cycle.
• Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome
• Gynecological diagnostics
• Women's sexuality and its dysfunctions
• Fertilization and nesting
• Couple infertility
• Repeated abortion
• The techniques of PMA
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
• Principles of obstetrics semeiotics
• Ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis and treatment
• Prenatal diagnosis (NIPT, Villocentesis, amniocentesis)
• Monitoring of pregnancy and fetal growth
• Multiple pregnancy
• Infectious diseases in pregnancy
• Hypertension in pregnancy
• Gestational diabetes
• Childbirth labor and fetal monitoring
• Childbirth (eutocic, operative, Caesarean section)
• Postpartum pathologies
• Law 194 and abortion
• Surgical Anatomy
• Preoperative Considerations
• Intraoperative considerations
• Minimally Invasive Surgery Fundamentals
• Postoperative considerations
• Hysterosopy
• Laparoscopy
• Laparotomy
• Endometrials Polyps
• Adnexal Mass
• Myomas
• Cervical Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Ovarian germ cell and sex cord-stromal Tumours
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic organ prolapsed
• Urinary incontinence
• Chronic Pelvic pain

READING MATERIALS

• Title: Williams Gynecology (4th Edition)
Release date: 2020
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: Barbara L. Hoffman, John O. Schorge, Karen D. Bradshaw, Lisa M. Halvorson, Joseph I. Schaffer, Marlene M. Corton
Mandatory: No

• Title: Williams Obstetrics (25th Edition)
Release date: 2018
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: F. Gary Cunningham, Kenneth J. Leveno, Steven L. Bloom, Jodi S. Dashe,
Barbara L. Hoffman, Brian M. Casey, Catherine Y. Spong
Mandatory: No

• Title: Ostetricia e ginecologia
Release date: settembre 2021
Publisher: Idelson-Gnocchi
Edition: 2
Author: Nicola Colacurci, Luigi Cobellis, Pasquale De Franciscis

• Title: Ginecologia e ostetricia
Release date: 2017
Publisher: Seu
Author: Pescetto, De Cecco, Pecorari, Ragni
Mandatory: No

COURSE SYLLABUS

• Outline of anatomy and embryology of the female genital system
• The anatomical and biological basis of the reproductive function
• Physiopathology of the female and male reproductive system
• Amenorrhea, chronic anovularoty and hyperandrogenism, and other abnormalities of the menstrual cycle.
• Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome
• Gynecological diagnostics
• Women's sexuality and its dysfunctions
• Fertilization and nesting
• Couple infertility
• Repeated abortion
• The techniques of PMA
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
• Principles of obstetrics semeiotics
• Ectopic pregnancy, diagnosis and treatment
• Prenatal diagnosis (NIPT, Villocentesis, amniocentesis)
• Monitoring of pregnancy and fetal growth
• Multiple pregnancy
• Infectious diseases in pregnancy
• Hypertension in pregnancy
• Gestational diabetes
• Childbirth labor and fetal monitoring
• Childbirth (eutocic, operative, Caesarean section)
• Postpartum pathologies
• Law 194 and abortion
• Surgical Anatomy
• Preoperative Considerations
• Intraoperative considerations
• Minimally Invasive Surgery Fundamentals
• Postoperative considerations
• Hysterosopy
• Laparoscopy
• Laparotomy
• Endometrials Polyps
• Adnexal Mass
• Myomas
• Cervical Cancer
• Endometrial Cancer
• Ovarian germ cell and sex cord-stromal Tumours
• Endometriosis
• Pelvic organ prolapsed
• Urinary incontinence
• Chronic Pelvic pain

READING MATERIALS

• Title: Williams Gynecology (4th Edition)
Release date: 2020
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: Barbara L. Hoffman, John O. Schorge, Karen D. Bradshaw, Lisa M. Halvorson, Joseph I. Schaffer, Marlene M. Corton
Mandatory: No

• Title: Williams Obstetrics (25th Edition)
Release date: 2018
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Author: F. Gary Cunningham, Kenneth J. Leveno, Steven L. Bloom, Jodi S. Dashe,
Barbara L. Hoffman, Brian M. Casey, Catherine Y. Spong
Mandatory: No

• Title: Ostetricia e ginecologia
Release date: settembre 2021
Publisher: Idelson-Gnocchi
Edition: 2
Author: Nicola Colacurci, Luigi Cobellis, Pasquale De Franciscis

• Title: Ginecologia e ostetricia
Release date: 2017
Publisher: Seu
Author: Pescetto, De Cecco, Pecorari, Ragni
Mandatory: No