Degree Course: Medicine and Surgery Syllabus for A.Y. 2019/2020

Italian version

FIRST YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Language
90216 - Chemistry and introductory biochemistry (objectives) The main aim of this course is to allow the students to learn the major chemical and physical principles which govern organism life. The course will further cover the study of the composition of inorganic and organic compounds as well as the reactions they undergo. These aims will be pursued through interactive frontal lectures, exercise-sessions designed to optimize learning and to maximize the student skill in recognizing and solving a given medicinal chemistry task. LEARNING OUTCOMES Knowledge and understanding The medicinal chemistry course is aimed at allowing the students to learn the chemical, physical and molecular bases of main principles and laws of molecular chemistry and biochemistry. At the end of the course the student is expected to become able to identify the composition of inorganic compounds present in nature and how they interact and react each other during patho-physiological processes in human body. The student is asked to learn the water-based reactions, acid-base theories, and their role in maintaining the homeostasis. The course is further organized to provide the students the basis of the chemistry of Carbon, i.e. organic chemistry, with a special focus on how organic compounds are structurally arranged and how they react to form the building blocks of life. Applying knowledge and understanding The student will learn how to apply the knowledge acquired during the course to the clinical tasks his/her profession is expected to deal with. This will allow the student to recognize critical diagnostic items and prognostic outcomes by deciphering how a given chemical and metabolic alteration turns out into a pathological condition. At the end of the course, the student will be able to apply this knowledge to the specific clinical area he/she will dedicate his/her medical activity. Communication skills The student will be asked to be able to discuss orally the subjects which are part of this course syllabus. He/She will be further asked to learn the right scientific terminology. Making judgements Specific attention will be paid to let the students improve the critical capacity when studying key chemical processes which underscore metabolic reaction of living organisms with clinical relevance. The students are expected to learn how critical is to bear a solid conceptual knowledge of each specific clinical task. - Tundo Grazia Raffaella (syllabus) General Chemistry Introduction remarks. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature. Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds. Matter states. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law. Liquids. Vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids. Thermodynamics. Thermodynamic potentials; enthalpy, Hess law, entropy. Free energy: relationship with enthalpy and entropy. Solutions. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult’s law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law. Chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium in gaseous phase. Expression of equilibrium constant. Kp and Kc relationship. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium. Solutions of electrolytes. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acid and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. Dilution law of Ostwald. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers. Acid-base titrations. Heterogeneous systems. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion. Kinetic. Kinetic introduction, activated complex theory, activation energy. Kinetic equations and reaction order. Relationship between kinetic constant and activation energy (Arrhenius energy). Relationship between kinetic constants and equilibrium constants. Electrochemistry. Redox reactions and chemical potentials. Oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balance. Redox standard potentials. Nerst equation. Electromotive force potential of a cell. Half-cell. Chemical and concentration cells. Introductory Biochemistry Carbon atom hybridization. Sp3, Sp2, Sp hybridization and their geometry. Hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons (arenes): alkanes, cicloalkanes. Nomenclature. Conformational isomerism and geometric isomerism (cis-trans). Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes and alkynes. Nomenclature. Addiction reactions to alkenes. Markovnikov rule. Alkynes addiction. Aromatic compounds. Benzene structure: resonance model. Aromatic compounds nomenclature. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols, phenols, thiols. Nomenclature. Alcohols and phenols in comparison. Aldehydes and ketones. Nomenclature. Carbonylic group. Acetals and hemiacetals formation. Keto-enol tautomerism. Aldol condensation. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Nomenclature. Carboxylic acid derivatives: esters and amides. Esterification mechanisms. Glycerol triesters. Ammines and other nitrogen compounds. Classification and nomenclature of ammines. Comparation between ammines and amides. Stereoisomerism. Chirality. Enantiomers. Polarized light. Diastereoisomers. Meso compounds. Racemic mixtures. Carbohydrates. Definition, classification and nomenclature. Monosaccharides. Monosaccharides chirality. Fisher projections. Amino acids, proteins. Structure and properties of aminoacids. Peptide Bond. Nucleotides and nucleosides. Nomenclature, structure and properties. (reference books) Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition. Katherine J Denniston, Joseph J Topping and Robert L Caret. General, Organic & Biochemistry. 7th Ed. 2010. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. - Sbardella Diego (syllabus) The main aim of this course is to allow the students to learn the major chemical and physical principles which govern organism life. The course will further cover the study of the composition of inorganic and organic compounds as well as the reactions they undergo. These aims will be pursued through interactive frontal lectures, exercise-sessions designed to optimize learning and to maximize the student skill in recognizing and solving a given medicinal chemistry task. (reference books) Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition. Katherine J Denniston, Joseph J Topping and Robert L Caret. General, Organic & Biochemistry. 7th Ed. 2010. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.	6	BIO/10	60	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
90219 - Biology and genetics (objectives) The integrated course in Biology and Genetics aims to provide students with the functional logic of living systems, with particular attention to the properties and functions of the cell as a basic unit of life. The student will learn the unitary mechanisms that regulate the processes and activities of the cell and the interactions between cells; the principles that govern the diversity of biological units, in relation to their structural and functional characteristics, to the modes of gene expression, both within the different districts of a single individual (differentiation), and longitudinally, during evolution. The fundamental principles of molecular biology and genetics will also be addressed; particular emphasis will be given to aspects useful to students in medicine, such as the cellular and molecular bases of diseases and the effects of drugs on cell structure and function. The Medical Genetics part will provide students the knowledge on the main notions on inheritance of monogenic, chromosomal and multifactorial diseases. At the end of the course the student will be able to distinguish the main classes of genetic diseases and to recognize the modes of transmission of hereditary diseases. Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the fundamentals of molecular and cellular biology: the student will acquire the general and unitary principles governing the functions and behavior of living organisms including the mechanisms that operate in the transmission of hereditary traits. At the end of this course the student will be able to: • know the principles of classification of livingbeings. • Describe the main characteristics and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryoticcells. • Know the main cellular compartments and theirfunction. • Know the general principles of cellularmetabolism. • Know the molecular basis of transmission of hereditarytraits. • Know the molecular basis of geneexpression. • Know the differences between mitosis andmeiosis. • Know the basic mechanisms of celldifferentiation. • Recognize and describe the consequences of a dysregulation of the main processes that operate in the cell • Know the correct geneticterminology • Know the main inheritance models of monogenic, chromosomal and multifactorialdiseases • Know the main biological mechanisms that cause hereditarydiseases • Reconstruct family pedigrees and calculate diseaserecurrence • Comprehend and use properly the major kinds of genetictests. Applying knowledge and understanding: The general objective of the integrated course in biology and genetics is to learn the experimental method and its applications to the study of fundamental biological phenomena. Therefore, the course aims to arouse the ability to perform precise and documented observations and to make a correct critical analysis in order to derive verifiable generalizations. At the end of the course the student will be able to apply the experimental method to the study of biological processes and will have acquired the tools to understand and explain the molecular and cellular mechanisms that are the basis of diseases. He will also be able to analyse family pedigrees and clinical and molecular genetic data useful for genetic counselling and to calculate disease recurrencerisk. Communication skills: The student will be able to adequately describe a biological phenomenon by demonstrating that he/she has learned an appropriate scientific language for the purposes of correct and rigorous communication. He will be able to describe the main models of inheritance and the recurrence risk the using a correct genetic terminology. Making judgements: At the end of the course, the student will have analyzed and learned the exemplary experiments of biology and will be able to develop autonomously the logical procedures and strategies that allow to apply the experimental method, analyze and correctly interpret experimentaldata. Furthermore, he will have acquired the ability to synthesize and correlate the various topics and to critically use genetic tests for the molecular diagnosis of monogenic and chromosomal diseases or for the evaluation of genetic susceptibility to complex diseases. Learning skills:The student will have acquired skills and learning methods suitable for the deepening and improvement of their skills in biology. At the end of the course the student will have developed the ability to deepen the topics through the consultation of the scientific literature.
- APPLIED BIOLOGY (objectives) The integrated course in Biology and Genetics aims to provide students with the functional logic of living systems, with particular attention to the properties and functions of the cell as a basic unit of life. The student will learn the unitary mechanisms that regulate the processes and activities of the cell and the interactions between cells; the principles that govern the diversity of biological units, in relation to their structural and functional characteristics, to the modes of gene expression, both within the different districts of a single individual (differentiation), and longitudinally, during evolution. The fundamental principles of molecular biology will also be addressed; particular emphasis will be given to aspects useful to students in medicine, such as the cellular and molecular bases of diseases and the effects of drugs on cell structure and function. - Pacini Laura (syllabus) Characteristic of living cells: Cellular theory. Classification principles of living organisms. Cell Chemistry: Macromolecules: structure, shape and function. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell models: classification and major structural differences, Organelles (structure and function). Eukaryotic nuclear compartment, structure and functions. Plasma membrane: properties and functions, modes of transport of small molecules across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Internal organization of the cell: intracellular compartments and protein sorting, intracellular membrane traffic, organelles. The cytoskeleton and cell motility. Nuclear compartment, structure and functions. The different levels of chromatin condensation. Energy conversion: Glycolysis and fermentation (outline). Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, structure and function. Molecular basis of hereditary information: DNA replication. DNA repair and its correlation with human diseases. RNA, structure and function: Main types of cellular RNAs and differences with respect to DNA in terms of molecular size, stability and biological functions.Transcription and RNA maturation. Genetic Code and its properties. Protein synthesis: How cells read the genome. Main post-translational modifications of the polypeptide chains. Post-synthetic fate of proteins, endomembranes and membrane traffic: Endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis (LDL). Control of gene expression: Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Transcriptional control, role of chromatin condensation and of the degree of DNA methylation. Cell Cycle: The cell cycle control system. Apoptosis and Cancer, Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Cell Signaling:. Exchange of chemical signals through receptor proteins. The key role played by protein kinases in this process. The interactions between cells and their environment: Adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix. Mitosis and Meiosis: principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis; molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Gene mutations: mutations by substitution, insertion or deletion of nucleotides. Spontaneous and induced mutations. Chemical and physical mutagens. DNA repair systems for single or double stranded DNA damage. Mobile genetic elements and evolution of the genomes. (reference books) Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., Garland Science, 2014. - Maiani Emiliano (syllabus) The cell cycle control system. Tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. DNA mutations and repair proceses. "Gene editing" techniques ZNF, Talen, CRISPR/CAS9 and therapeutic applications. Cellular death mechanisms :Apoptosis and Necrosis. Caspases and proteins BCL2 family. Autophagy. Cancer biology, oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Metastatization processes. DNA sequencing in clinical research , GDC database. (reference books) "Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., Garland Science, 2014. - Rosina Eleonora (syllabus) Biology Characteristic of living cells:Cellular theory. Classification principles of living organisms. Cell Chemistry:Macromolecules: structure, shape and function. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell models:classification and major structural differences, Organelles (structure and function). Eukaryotic nuclear compartment, structure and functions. Plasma membrane:properties and functions, modes of transport of small molecules across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Internal organization of the cell:intracellular compartments and protein sorting, intracellular membrane traffic, organelles. The cytoskeleton and cell motility. Nuclear compartment, structure and functions. The different levels of chromatin condensation. Energy conversion:Glycolysis and fermentation (outline). Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, structure andfunction. Molecular basis of hereditary information: DNA replication. DNA repair and its correlation with human diseases. RNA, structure and function:Main types of cellular RNAs and differences with respect to DNA in terms of molecular size, stability and biological functions.Transcription and RNA maturation. Genetic Code and its properties. Protein synthesis:How cells read the genome. Main post- translational modifications of the polypeptide chains. Post-synthetic fate of proteins, endomembranes and membrane traffic:Endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis (LDL). Control of gene expression:Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Transcriptional control, role of chromatin condensation and of the degree of DNA methylation. Cell Cycle:The cell cycle control system. Apoptosis and Cancer, Tumor suppressors and proto- oncogenes. Cell Signaling:. Exchange of chemical signals through receptor proteins. The key role played by protein kinases in this process. The interactions between cells and their environment: Adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix. Mitosis and Meiosis:principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis; molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Gene mutations:mutations by substitution, insertion or deletion of nucleotides. Spontaneous and induced mutations. Chemical and physical mutagens. DNA repair systems for single or double stranded DNA damage. Mobile genetic elements and evolution of the genomes. Medical Genetics Basic Genetics:Definitions of Key Terms: gene, locus, allele, genotype, phenotype, haplotype, homozygous, heterozygous, haploid, diploid, dominance, recessivity, codominance, mutation, polymorphism. Principles of Genetic Transmission:Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses, Segregation in Human Pedigrees, Blood groups Genetics Monogenic Inheritance Models:Autosomal inheritance,Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees analyses. Population genetics:Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and theoretical implications for understanding the mechanisms of biological evolution. Chromosomes:Structure and Analysis, Chromosomes Pathologies Genomic Imprinting X-chromosome inactivation Mitochondrial inheritance:mitochondrial DNA, pattern of inheritance Multifactorial Inheritance and Common Diseases:polimorphisms, susceptibility genes, gene- environment interaction, association studies Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Medicine Genetic tests and Counselling. Outlines (reference books) Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., Garland Science, 2014. “Medical Genetics” by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier	9	BIO/13	90	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
- MEDICAL GENETICS (objectives) The course will provide students the knowledge on the main notions on inheritance of monogenic, chromosomal and multifactorial diseases. At the end of the course the student will be able to distinguish the main classes of genetic diseases and to recognize the modes of transmission of hereditary diseases. - Ciccacci Cinzia (syllabus) Basic Genetics: Definitions of Key Terms: gene, locus, allele, genotype, phenotype, haplotype, homozygous, heterozygous, haploid, diploid, dominance, recessivity, codominance, mutation, polymorphism. Principles of Genetic Transmission: Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses, Segregation in Human Pedigrees, Blood groups Genetics Monogenic Inheritance Models: Autosomal inheritance,Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees analyses. Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and theoretical implications for understanding the mechanisms of biological evolution. Chromosomes: Structure and Analysis, Chromosomes Pathologies Genomic Imprinting X-chromosome inactivation Mitochondrial inheritance: mitochondrial DNA, pattern of inheritance Multifactorial Inheritance and Common Diseases: polimorphisms, susceptibility genes, gene-environment interaction, association studies Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Medicine Genetic tests and Counselling. Outlines (reference books) “Medical Genetics, by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited by Elsevier	1	MED/03	10	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
90218 - Physics and statistics (objectives) The aim of the course Physics and Statistics is to provide students with knowledge on the fundamentals of applied physics necessary to the performance of their future activity. In particular, the comprehension of physical principles at the base of medical physics and of functioning of medical instrumentation will be addressed. Also, students will be introduced to tools and computer concepts and will be able to read a basic biomedical scientific article, understand its structure and critically evaluate methods and results; handle a simple database and make a descriptive and inferential analysis. LEARNING OUTCOMES The specific learning outcomes of the program are coherent with the general provisions of the Bologna Process and the specific provisions of EC Directive 2005/36/EC. They lie within the European Qualifications Framework (Dublin Descriptors) as follows: 1. Knowledge and Understanding : • Understand the experimental method and learn the use and transformation of measure units. • Know and understand the proper terminology of physics. • Know and understand the main physical principles and laws concerning kinetics, dynamics, electricity and magnetism, vibration and waves, radiation, nuclear physics and fluids. • Apply these concepts to biological and physiological phenomena in living organisms. • Identify and recognize the physical principles which govern the function of the specific human organs. • carry out a descriptive analysis of a simple database; • evaluate the association between variables; • know the basic principles of correlation and linear regression analysis; • know and apply frequency and effect measurements; • explain how statistical inference is applied to biomedical research; • demonstrate an understanding of probability and its application; • demonstrate ability to manage data and to draw and present quantitative results effectively, using appropriate tables, figures and summaries • describe the nature of the sampling variation and the role of the statistical methods in quantifying it, and be able to calculate the confidence limits and evaluate the hypotheses; • select and use appropriate statistical methods in the analysis of simple data sets; • interpret and evaluate the results of statistical analyses within a scientific publication; • present and discuss the results of statistical analyses in a clear, concise and comprehensible way, • describe the general principles of the calculation of the sample size and power. 2. Applying Knowledge and Understanding • Apply the principles of physics, informatics and statistics to selected problems and to a variable range of situations. • Use the tools, methodologies, language and conventions of physics, informatics and statistics to test and communicate ideas and explanations. 3. Communication Skills • Present the topics verbally in an organized and consistent manner. • Utilize a proper scientific language coherent with the topic of discussion. 4. Making Judgements • Recognize the importance of an in-depth knowledge of the topics consistent with a proper medical education. • Identify the fundamental role of a proper theoretical knowledge of the topic in the clinical practice.
- APPLIED PHYSICS (objectives) Aim of the course of Applied Physics within the integrated course of Physics and Statistics (Applied Physics, Medical Statistics and Informatics) is to provide students with knowledge on the fundamentals of applied physics necessary to the performance of their future activity. In particular, the comprehension of physical principles at the base of medical physics and of functioning of medical instrumentation will be addressed. At the end of the course, the students will know the fundamental concepts of application of the Scientific Method to the study of biomedical phenomena (choice and measure of parameters, evaluation of errors), they will be able to describe physical phenomena of complex systems using suitable mathematical tools, they will know the scientific basis of medical procedures and principles of functioning of the equipment commonly used for diagnostics and therapeutics. LEARNING OUTCOMES The specific learning outcomes of the program are coherent with the general provisions of the Bologna Process and the specific provisions of EC Directive 2005/36/EC. They lie within the European Qualifications Framework (Dublin Descriptors) as follows: 1. Knowledge and Understanding : • Understand the experimental method and learn the use and transformation of measure units. • Know and understand the proper terminology of physics. • Know and understand the main physical principles and laws concerning kinetics, dynamics, electricity and magnetism, vibration and waves, radiation, nuclear physics and fluids. • Apply these concepts to biological and physiological phenomena in living organisms. • Identify and recognize the physical principles which govern the function of the specific human organs. 2. Applying Knowledge and Understanding • Apply the principles of physics to selected problems and to a variable range of situations. • Use the tools, methodologies, language and conventions of physics to test and communicate ideas and explanations. 3. Communication Skills • Present the topics orally in an organized and consistent manner. • Utilize a proper scientific language coherent with the topic of discussion. 4. Making Judgements • Recognize the importance of an in-depth knowledge of the topics consistent with a proper medical education. • Identify the fundamental role of a proper theoretical knowledge of the topic in the clinical practice. - Indovina Iole (syllabus) Mechanics - Introduction, Measurement, Estimating : Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures ; Units, Standards, and SI Units ; Converting Units Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis. - Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension : References Frames and Displacement ; Average Velocity ; Instantaneous Velocity ; Acceleration ; Motion at Constant Acceleration. - Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors : Vectors and Scalars ; Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods ; Subtraction of Vectors and Multiplication of a Vector By a Scalar ; Adding Vectors by Components. - Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion : Force ; Newton's First Law of Motion ; Mass ; Newton's Second Law of Motion ; Newton's Third Law of Motion ; Weight-The Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force ; Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams ; Problems Involving Friction, Inclines ; Problem Solving-A General Approach - Circular Motion and Gravitation : Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion ; Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion ; Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - Work and Energy : Work Done by a Constant Force ; Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle ; Potential Energy ; Conservative and Nonconservative Forces ; Mechanical Energy and its Conservation ; Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy ; Other Forms of Energy: Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy ; Power. - Linear Momentum : Momentum and Its Relation to Force ; Conservation of Momentum ; Center of Mass (CM) ; Center of Mass and Translational Motion. - Rotational Motion : Angular Quantities ; Constant Angular Acceleration ; Torque ; Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia ; Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics ; Rotational Kinetic Energy. - Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture : the Conditions for Equilibrium ; Solving Statics Problems ; Applications to Muscles and Joints ; Stability and Balance ; Elasticity; Stress and Strain ; Fracture. Electricity and Magnetism - Electric Charge and Electric Field : Static Electricity; Electric Charge and its Conservation ; Electric Charge in the Atom ; Insulators and Conductors ; Induced Charge; the Electroscope ; Coulomb's Law ; Solving Problems Involving Coulomb's Law and Vectors ; The Electric Field ; Field Lines ; Electric Fields and Conductors. - Electric Potential : Electric Potential Energy and Potential Differences ; Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field ; Equipotential Lines ; The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy ; Electric Potential Due to Point Charges ; Capacitance ; Dielectrics ; Storage of Electric Energy. - Electric Currents : The Electric Battery ; The Electric Current ; Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors ; Resistivity ; Electric Power ; Microscopic View of Electric Current. - DC Circuits : EMF and Terminal Voltage ; Resistors in Series and in Parallel ; Kirchhoff's Rules ; EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery ; Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel ; RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series. - Magnetism : Magnets and Magnetic Fields ; Electric Current Produce Magnetic Fields ; Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field: Definition of B ; Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field ; Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire ; Ampere's Law. -Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law : Induced EMF ; Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law ; EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor ; Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field. Vibrations and Waves - Vibrations and Waves : Wave Motion ; Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal ; Energy Transported by Waves ; Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency ; Reflection and Transmission of Waves ; Interference; Principle of Superposition ; Standing Waves; Resonance. - Sound : Characteristics of Sound ; Intensity of Sound: Decibels ; Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns ; Interference of Sound Waves; Beats ; Doppler Effect. - Electromagnetic Waves : Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations ; Production of Electromagnetic Waves ; Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum ; Energy in EM Waves. - The Wave Nature of Light :The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion - Optical Instruments :X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction ; X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity - Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom : Early Models of the Atom ;The Bohr Model. - Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity : Structure and Properties of the Nucleus ; Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces ; Radioactivity ; Alpha Decay ; Beta Decay ; Gamma Decay ; Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws ; Half-Life and Rate of Decay ; Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-life. - Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation : Nuclear Reaction and the Transmutation of Elements ; Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Thermodynamics - Temperature and Kinetic Theory : Atomic Theory of Matter ; Temperature and Thermometers ; Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics ; Thermal Expansion ; The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature ; The Ideal Gas Law ; Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law ; Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number ; Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature. - Heat : Heat as Energy Transfer ; Internal Energy ; Specific Heat ; Calorimetry ; Latent Heat ; Heat Transfer: Conduction ; Heat Transfer: Convection ; Heat Transfer: Radiation. - The Laws of Thermodynamics : The First Law of Thermodynamics ; Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law ; Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction. Fluids - Fluids : Phases of Matter ; Density and Specific Gravity ; Pressure in Fluids ; Atmospheric Pressure Gauge Pressure ; Pascal's Principle ; Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer ; Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle ; Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity ; Bernoulli's Principle ; Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs, and TIA ; Viscosity ; Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation, Blood Flow. (reference books) Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition or subsequent, Pearson Education. Inc The indicated textbook is just a reference. Students are allowed to adopt the book/books of their choice. Additional material will be provided by the instructor.	5	FIS/07	50	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
- MEDICAL STATISTICS (objectives) At the end of the course the student should be able to: understand the importance of medical statistics in the research methodology in the medical field; read a basic biomedical scientific article, understanding its structure and critically evaluating methods and results; handle a simple database, with particular reference to clinical medicine; make a descriptive and inferential analysis. - Vairo Francesco (syllabus) Introduction to biomedical statistics • Types of data, evaluation and presentation of data • Probability: assessment and role of probability • The binomial distribution • Normal distribution • Principles of statistical inference • Inference from a sample mean • Comparison of two averages • Inference from a sample proportion • Comparison between two proportions • Association between two categorical variables • Effect measurement in 2 x 2 tables • Combined analysis for associated binary data • Correlation • Linear regression • Non-parametric methods • Introduction to the calculation of the sample size • Cohort studies • Introduction to survival analysis • Case-control studies • Probability • Introduction to multivariate regression • Introduction to logistic regression • Introduction to the Poisson and Cox regression • Strategies of analysis (reference books) The lesson slides are the reference point for the study Essential Medical Statistics (Kirkwood, Sterne)	3	MED/01	30	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (objectives) The course aims to introduce students to the tools and computer concepts that will be useful for their future profession in the medical field. The objectives of the course will be achieved through classical lessons, interactive activities and practical exercises using real or realistic data. - Dimitri Andrea (syllabus) 1) Introduction to health information systems. The Italian health information system. Health standards for data acquisition, storing and visualization. The electronic medical record. 2) Privacy and security in the management of healthcare data. 3) Introduction to databases. The E-R schema. RDBMS: tables, records, fields, queries using the SQL language. Public health databases: - PubMed, Medline, Medline plus. - Cochrane Library 4) Data mining in Healthcare. How to read the output of a statistical package. The use of R. 5) Digital devices, sensors and mobile app for precise medicine. Supporting systems for the physicians. (reference books) Handouts by the teacher. Kathleen Mastrian, Dee McGonigle - Informatics for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 1 edition (April 25, 2016) Joseph Tan - E-Health Care Information Systems: An Introduction for Students and Professionals. Jossey-Bass Inc Pub; 1st edition (May 1st 2012)	4	INF/01	40	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Language
90220 - Histology and embryology (objectives) Aim of the integrated course of Histology and Embryology is to provide students with knowledge on the physiological organization and development of cells and tissues. During the Histology lectures fundamentals of cytology are discussed for the full understanding of the organization of tissues and their development. The organization of cells and extracellular matrix and their association in the organization of the different tissues is illustrated and discussed, together with the standard histological procedures, including microscopy approaches (optics, fluorescence and electronics), as a tool for the study of structure and development of the human organism. LEARNING OUTCOMES Knowledge and understanding At the end of the lectures of Histology and Embryology the student should have acquired: • Knowledge on the structure of the various tissues forming the human organism • Knowledge on the histological organization of the various human organs • Ability to recognize the morphology of tissues and the cells that compose them, from a morphological and functional point of view • Ability to recognize and describe the microscopic organization of tissues and organs, and the processes leading to their formation during development • Ability to synthesize and correlate the various topics. Applying knowledge and understanding At the end of the course the student should be able to: • Recognize and contextualize microscopic information. • Understand the relationship between cells and the extracellular matrix underlying the organization of the different tissues of the multicellular organism. • Apply the knowledge of histology and embryology to the subsequent study of physiology, anatomy, pathological anatomy and clinical disciplines. Communication skills At the end of the course the student should be able to: • Use a correct scientific terminology to identify, at the microscopic level, the different types of cells and tissues present in the human body and the mechanisms of their formation during embryonic development. Making judgements At the end of the course the student should: • Autonomously interpret histological slides and describe the processes of embryogenesis and organogenesis. - Massimiani Micol (syllabus) Elements of Cytology Structural-functional organization of the eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Lysosomes and peroxisomes Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Nuclear membrane. Nuclear matrix Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell cycle regulation and cell death. Histology Introduction to tissues and their study. Cell differentiation and histogenesis of tissues. Epithelia. Cell surface specializations and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands (endocrine and exocrine). Connective tissues: General structure and function of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibres, ground substance and cells. Cartilage: Types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. Bone: Bone structure and function. Osteogenesis; bone remodelling and homeostasis. Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Immune system and lymphatic organs. Muscle tissues: structure and function of the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue: Neurons. Neuroglia. Nerve fibres. Synapses. Neuro muscular junction. Embryology Spermatogenesis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis Folliculogenesis and oogenesis Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Ovarian & uterine cycles Fertilization. First week of development and implantation embryo. Embryonic and adult stem cells, somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk. Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities. Placenta and extraembryonic membranes. ORGANOGENESIS. Development of: - Intergumentary system - Head and neck - Oropharingeal apparatus - Gut - Respiratory system - Urogenital system - Skeleton and muscle system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system. (reference books) • Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. • Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition. - Campagnolo Luisa (syllabus) Elements of Cytology Structural-functional organization of the eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Lysosomes and peroxisomes Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Nuclear membrane. Nuclear matrix Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell cycle regulation and cell death. Histology Introduction to tissues and their study. Cell differentiation and histogenesis of tissues. Epithelia. Cell surface specializations and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands (endocrine and exocrine). Connective tissues: General structure and function of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibres, ground substance and cells. Cartilage: Types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. Bone: Bone structure and function. Osteogenesis; bone remodelling and homeostasis. Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Immune system and lymphatic organs. Muscle tissues: structure and function of the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue: Neurons. Neuroglia. Nerve fibres. Synapses. Neuro muscular junction. Embryology Spermatogenesis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis Folliculogenesis and oogenesis Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Ovarian & uterine cycles Fertilization. First week of development and implantation embryo. Embryonic and adult stem cells, somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk. Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities. Placenta and extraembryonic membranes. ORGANOGENESIS. Development of: - Intergumentary system - Head and neck - Oropharingeal apparatus - Gut - Respiratory system - Urogenital system - Skeleton and muscle system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system. (reference books) • Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. • Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition. - Klinger Francesca (syllabus) Elements of Cytology Structural-functional organization of the eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Lysosomes and peroxisomes Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Nuclear membrane. Nuclear matrix Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell cycle regulation and cell death. Histology Introduction to tissues and their study. Cell differentiation and histogenesis of tissues. Epithelia. Cell surface specializations and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands (endocrine and exocrine). Connective tissues: General structure and function of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibres, ground substance and cells. Cartilage: Types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. Bone: Bone structure and function. Osteogenesis; bone remodelling and homeostasis. Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Immune system and lymphatic organs. Muscle tissues: structure and function of the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue: Neurons. Neuroglia. Nerve fibres. Synapses. Neuro muscular junction. Embryology Spermatogenesis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis Folliculogenesis and oogenesis Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Ovarian & uterine cycles Fertilization. First week of development and implantation embryo. Embryonic and adult stem cells, somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk. Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities. Placenta and extraembryonic membranes. ORGANOGENESIS. Development of: - Intergumentary system - Head and neck - Oropharingeal apparatus - Gut - Respiratory system - Urogenital system - Skeleton and muscle system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system. (reference books) • Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. • Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition.	10	BIO/17	100	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
90217 - Human anatomy I (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the student with the knowledge of the essential characteristics, from a cellular and functional point of view (macroscopic and microscopic anatomy) of essential elements of the human body. The locomotor, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the oral cavity and the nasal cavity will be taught. The student will learn information about the anatomy of each system aimed at examining the patient, understanding the clinical symptoms and their evolution during a pathological event. These objectives will be achieved through lectures, practical exercises through the use of anatomical models and interactive software designed to facilitate the understanding and learning of the three-dimensionality of the anatomical structures being studied. LEARNING OUTCOMES Knowledge and understanding At the end of this teaching the student will be able: • To know the anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms). • To describe the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy. • To know the joints, their dynamics and the features of the several joints present in the locomotor system (skull, vertebrae, thorax, lower limb and upper limb). • To know the morphology of the various bones and muscles that make up the human skeleton and their connections. • To know the lymphatic and vascular system. • To know the oral cavity and the structures associated (teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands). • To know the nasal cavity. • To know pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, pleura and mediastinum. Applying knowledge and understanding At the end of the course the student will be able: • To know the anatomy of the various structures of the human body. • To know the interactions between the several structures. • To use the knowledge gained to understand the clinical symptoms and their evolution during a pathological event. Communication skills At the end of the course the student must be able: • To use the specific anatomical terminology properly. Making judgments At the end of the course the student must be able: • to make general assessments of the topics covered. - Cesarini Valeriana (syllabus) • Locomotor system: introduction to the systematic study of the locomotor system, discussion of anatomical terminology (sections, localization and movement terms); description of the major topographical and functional subdivisions of the human body and superficial anatomy. -Osteology: morphology of the human skeleton (the skull, the axial and appendicular skeleton) -Arthrology: general information about the joints, types of movement, dynamics of the joints, study of the joints of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, upper limb and lower limb. -Myology: Shape and function of skeletal muscles, vertebral muscles, neck and trunk muscles, chest and abdomen muscles, upper limb and lower limb muscles. • Cardiovascular system: General information about the lymphatic and vascular system. Pericardium, heart and blood vessels of the chest and abdomen. Main arteries and veins of the head, neck and limbs. • Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, mouth and face muscles, salivary glands. • Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. • Pharynx and larynx, trachea, lungs, pleura and mediastinum. (reference books) -BOOK : Gray’s Anatomy (latest edition) Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier. -ATLAS: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (latest edition) Elsevier.	7	BIO/16	70	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
90237 - Economy and International Social Politics (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide to students knowledge on historical development of Medicine, on different approaches suitable for cost-consequences analysis and on the principal features of the Italian national health care system. Also, students will develop attitudes and values such as humility, tolerance, understanding, respect and openness towards others through philosophical, moral reflection and moral reasoning. LEARNING OUTCOMES The aim of the course is to provide students with tools and a framework in which they can place the good “health” in a common context with ethics, economics, history of Medicine and all the relevant elements for patient care so that tomorrow they will be able to treat their patient in an appropriate way to his being a person. In a sector characterized by a constant and rapid evolution, students will acquire the ability to understand the main problems, also through the use of different specific tools. They will learn peculiar languages so to understand how health is an interdisciplinary theme. At the end of the course participants will be able to provide an effective contribution to the preparation of documents, reports and measures, as well as to develop appropriate interdisciplinary strategies on ethics and health. The course intends to provide a training programme aimed at ensuring, through specific focus, the most current and relevant issues in the field of health and ethics, especially in light of global changes and modified international agendas such as sustainable Millennium Development Goals 2030 (MDGs). Applying knowledge and understanding: The general objective of the integrated course "Economy and International Social Politics" is to learn the experimental method and its applications to the study. Therefore, the course aims to arouse the ability to perform precise and documented observations and to make a correct critical analysis in order to derive verifiable generalizations. At the end of the course the student will be able to apply the experimental method. Communication skills: The student will be able to demonstrate that he/she has learned an appropriate scientific language for the purposes of correct and rigorous communication. He will be able to describe the main models of the different topics with a correct terminology. Making judgements: At the end of the course, the student will be able to develop autonomously the logical procedures and strategies that allow to apply the experimental method, analyze and correctly interpret experimental data. Furthermore, he will have acquired the ability to synthesize and correlate the various topics and to critically use different methodologies. Learning skills: The student will have acquired skills and learning methods suitable for the deepening and improvement of their skills in Ethics, Economics and History of Medicine. At the end of the course the student will have developed the ability to deepen the topics through the consultation of the scientific literature. Matrix.
- HISTORY OF MEDICINE (objectives) Aim of the course is to provide to students knowledge on historical development of Medicine, within the more general context of the history of science, and from the viewpoint of history of ideas and concepts. - Refolo Pietro (syllabus) Patient-physician relationship; Medical geography; Medicine of Ancient Greece; Hellenistic-Roman Medicine; Pythagoras; Alcmaeon; Hippocrates; Rational medicine; Theory of humors; Aristotle; Empirical School of Alexandria; Methodical School of Alexandria; Galen; Schola Medica Salernitana; Dissection; Andreas Vesalius; Scientific Revolution; William Harvey; Ignaz Semmelweis; Edward Jenner; Vaccine; Alexander Fleming. (reference books) - Porter R. Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.	2	MED/02	20	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
- APPLIED ECONOMICS (objectives) Aim of the course “Applied economics” is to provide students elements on the following topics: • health technologies assessment • the Italian health care system organization • budgeting process. - D'Angela Daniela (syllabus) Definition and structure of health technology assessment European and national regulation Standard of an HTA report Sources of information Cost-consequences approaches Organization of the Italian national healthcare system Principles Evolution Supply structure Budgeting Definition Costs and activity in healthcare Budget sheet (reference books) • M.V. Garrido, F.B. Kristensen, C.P. Nelsen, R. Busse, Health Technology Assessment and Health Policy-Making in Europe • M.F. Drummond, M.J. Scuplpher, K.Claxton, G. L. Stoddart, G.W. Torrance; Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes (4th edition) • Teacher’s slides and materials	2	SECS-P/06	20	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
- MORAL PHILOSOPHY (objectives) La materia introduce differenti temi di Filosofia Morale in una visione sistematica. La medicina, come anche le professioni sanitarie, pur basandosi sulla conoscenza scientifica, non si riducono completamente alla scienza. Come sostenuto dal filosofo austriaco Josef Seifert”... si fondano anche sull’osservazione il più possibile ripetuta e ampia di fenomeni sensibili, e cercano di elaborare teorie che li spieghino. La medicina non è una scienza pura, perché ha uno scopo pratico. E non è neppure una mera scienza empirica, perché presuppone una fondazione filosofica tanto quanto le altre scienze e molto più delle altre scienze...”. La medicina, e tutte le scienze mediche, infatti richiedono una fondazione filosofica molto più di altre scienze, perché suo oggetto è l’essere umano, anzi per la maggior parte dei casi l’essere umano nella condizione di sofferenza e bisognoso di aiuto. Josef Seifert sostiene che ”... Per capire se stessa la medicina deve aver trovato la risposta alla domanda: chi è l’uomo? E per trovare questa risposta la scienza non è sufficiente, è necessario fare riferimento a concetti tratti dall’antropologia e apre necessariamente a questioni etiche...” Nei prossimi anni la medicina e le professioni sanitarie saranno chiamate a nuove ed importanti sfide come la realizzazione degli obiettivi internazionali presenti nell’Agenda 2030 per uno sviluppo sostenibile: 17 obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile (OSS/SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals) e i 169 sotto-obiettivi, i quali presentantano come obiettivo 3 specifico il miglioramento della salute ma mirano a porre fine alla povertà, a lottare contro l'ineguaglianza e allo sviluppo sociale ed economico, i cambiamenti climatici e costruire società pacifiche entro l'anno 2030. Al medico dunque non sara’ solo richiesta non solo profonda conoscenza scientifica, ma anche una più ampia conoscenza dei legami costanti con filosofica ed etica. Infatti come ben sottolineato in alcune recenti pubblicazioni dall’Universita’ di Stanford: "…the core moral challenge of health as balancing individual liberties with the advancement of good health outcomes. Consider, for example, how liberties are treated in government policies that fluoridate municipal drinking water or compel people with active, infectious tuberculosis to be treated…”. Scopo del Corso e’ di fornire agli studenti gli strumenti e una cornice nella quale possano posizionare il “bene salute” in un contesto comune con etica, diritti umani e tutti gli elementi rilevanti per la cura del paziente- economici, antropologici, sociali e relazionali- affinche’ un domani possano trattare il paziente in modo adeguato a ciò che egli è come persona. Gli studenti, in un settore caratterizzato da una costante e rapidissima evoluzione, acquisiranno la capacità di comprendere le principali problematiche, anche attraverso l'utilizzo di diversi strumenti specifici. Apprenderanno i linguaggi peculiari, comprendendo anche come il tema della salute sia interdisciplinare. Alla fine del corso i partecipanti saranno in grado di fornire un efficace contributo alla predisposizione di documenti, relazioni, e provvedimenti, nonché di elaborare adeguate strategie interdisciplinari in tema di etica e salute. - Boccanelli Alessandro (syllabus) 1. presentation and introduction 2. moral systems 3. moral philosophy’s methodology 4. moral sense and moral law 5. Emptying and reduction of the moral questions 6. the scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science 7. awareness of the ethical dimension of medicine and health professions 8. empathy 9. narrative medicine in digital age 10. the relationship between science and ethics 11. ethical Committees at different levels 12. the relevant elements for the treatment of the patient, in addition to the physiological ones: economic, anthropological, social, ethical and relational 13. transcultural Medicine 14. Health and Ethics and Social Media 15. relationship between Human Rights and Health 16. listening to the patient and ethics of communication. 17. Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Millenium Development Goals 18. Ethics of health: tensions between collective benefits and individual freedom. 19. Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: Health diplomacy and Ethics 20. Ethics, Health and International Cooperation The course will also deal with the theme of Health Diplomacy, very topical and interdisciplinary between Ethics and Medicine, and show how it could represent a new frontier both as a tool for a new international diplomatic intervention and as a peaceful resolution of disputes on a local and global scale. (reference books) General Bibliography on Methodology of University Study): Sertillange, A.D., La vie intellectuelle. Son esprit, ses conditions, ses méthodes, Editorial Desclées, Paris 1934. Guitton, J., Le travail intellectuel. Conseils á ceux qui étudient et a ceux qui écrivent, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1951. Guitton, J., Nouvel art de penser, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1946. Gratry, A., Les sources, Téqui Publishing House, Paris 1926. Specific bibliography : Ezio Di Nucci Ethics in Healthcare: A Philosophical Introduction Vicki Lachman PhD MBE APRN Ethical Challenges in Health Care: Developing Your Moral Compass Rosalind Ekman Ladd, Lynn Pasquerella , Smith Sher iEthical Issues in Home Health Care 1st Edition Craig M. Klugman, Pamela M. Dalinis Ethical Issues in Rural Health Care 1st Edition Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020). All of the other readings will be articles or extracts from books, available on the subject Notes Other texts can be used. - Pacifici Noja Laura Elena (syllabus) 1. presentation and introduction 2. moral systems 3. moral philosophy’s methodology 4. moral sense and moral law 5. Emptying and reduction of the moral questions 6. the scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science 7. awareness of the ethical dimension of medicine and health professions 8. empathy 9. narrative medicine in digital age 10. the relationship between science and ethics 11. ethical Committees at different levels 12. the relevant elements for the treatment of the patient, in addition to the physiological ones: economic, anthropological, social, ethical and relational 13. transcultural Medicine 14. Health and Ethics and Social Media 15. relationship between Human Rights and Health 16. listening to the patient and ethics of communication. 17. Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Millenium Development Goals 18. Ethics of health: tensions between collective benefits and individual freedom. 19. Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: Health diplomacy and Ethics 20. Ethics, Health and International Cooperation The course will also deal with the theme of Health Diplomacy, very topical and interdisciplinary between Ethics and Medicine, and show how it could represent a new frontier both as a tool for a new international diplomatic intervention and as a peaceful resolution of disputes on a local and global scale. (reference books) General Bibliography on Methodology of University Study: Sertillange, A.D., La vie intellectuelle. Son esprit, ses conditions, ses méthodes, Editorial Desclées, Paris 1934. Guitton, J., Le travail intellectuel. Conseils á ceux qui étudient et a ceux qui écrivent, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1951. Guitton, J., Nouvel art de penser, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1946. Gratry, A., Les sources, Téqui Publishing House, Paris 1926. Specific bibliography : Ezio Di Nucci Ethics in Healthcare: A Philosophical Introduction Vicki Lachman PhD MBE APRN Ethical Challenges in Health Care: Developing Your Moral Compass Rosalind Ekman Ladd, Lynn Pasquerella , Smith Sher iEthical Issues in Home Health Care 1st Edition Craig M. Klugman, Pamela M. Dalinis Ethical Issues in Rural Health Care 1st Edition Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020). All of the other readings will be articles or extracts from books, available on the subject Notes Other texts can be used. - IODICE FABIO (syllabus) 1. presentation and introduction 2. moral systems 3. moral philosophy’s methodology 4. moral sense and moral law 5. Emptying and reduction of the moral questions 6. the scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science 7. awareness of the ethical dimension of medicine and health professions 8. empathy 9. narrative medicine in digital age 10. the relationship between science and ethics 11. ethical Committees at different levels 12. the relevant elements for the treatment of the patient, in addition to the physiological ones: economic, anthropological, social, ethical and relational 13. transcultural Medicine 14. Health and Ethics and Social Media 15. relationship between Human Rights and Health 16. listening to the patient and ethics of communication. 17. Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Millenium Development Goals 18. Ethics of health: tensions between collective benefits and individual freedom. 19. Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: Health diplomacy and Ethics 20. Ethics, Health and International Cooperation The course will also deal with the theme of Health Diplomacy, very topical and interdisciplinary between Ethics and Medicine, and show how it could represent a new frontier both as a tool for a new international diplomatic intervention and as a peaceful resolution of disputes on a local and global scale. (reference books) Sertillange, A.D., La vie intellectuelle. Son esprit, ses conditions, ses méthodes, Editorial Desclées, Paris 1934. Guitton, J., Le travail intellectuel. Conseils á ceux qui étudient et a ceux qui écrivent, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1951. Guitton, J., Nouvel art de penser, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1946. Gratry, A., Les sources, Téqui Publishing House, Paris 1926. Specific bibliography : Ezio Di Nucci Ethics in Healthcare: A Philosophical Introduction Vicki Lachman PhD MBE APRN Ethical Challenges in Health Care: Developing Your Moral Compass Rosalind Ekman Ladd, Lynn Pasquerella , Smith Sher iEthical Issues in Home Health Care 1st Edition Craig M. Klugman, Pamela M. Dalinis Ethical Issues in Rural Health Care 1st Edition Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020). Other texts can be used.	6	M-FIL/03	60	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	ENG
90281 - Clinical practice (objectives) The student must know the main rules of education and health hygiene to avoid exposure to biological risks and acquire notions of optical microscopy with relative preparation of histological samples. Furthermore, theoretical and practical notions on surgical suture techniques will be provided. - Cesarini Valeriana	5		-	-	-	-	Other activities	ENG

SECOND YEAR

First semester

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90232 - Biochemistry (objectives)

- BIOCHEMISTRY (objectives)

- Lazzarino Giacomo (syllabus)

Recalls of inorganic and organic chemistry –Chemical bonds. Carbohydrates – structure and function. Lipids – structure and function. Nucleotides, Purines and pyrimidines – structure and function. Amino acids – structure and function. Peptide bond and its characteristics. Peptides of biological relevance. Proteins – structure and function. Classification. Primary structure. Secondary structures: alfa-helix, beta-strand, collagen helix. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Relationship between primary structure and conformation. Denaturation and renaturation. Protein folding. Protein misfolding and related pathologies – β-amyloid, Alzheimer’s disease. Fibrous proteins. Globular proteins. Hemoproteins involved in the transport of gases (O2, CO2). The heme group. Tridimensional structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Mechanism of oxygen binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Oxygen affinity. Saturation curves, Bohr effect, cooperativity, Hill plot, homotropic and heterotropic interactions. The effect of 2,3-DPG. The Monod-Wyman and Changeux (MWC) model and the sequential model. T and R states. Heterogeneity of circulating hemoglobin. Methemoglobin reductase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and NADPH for the maintenance of hemoglobin functions. Deficit of G-6-PDH, oxidation of hemoglobin, malaria. Hemoglobinopathies. Enzymes – Classification. Coenzymes and vitamins. Avitaminosis and related pathologies. Enzymatic catalysis and regulation. The Michaelis-Menten equation. Km, Vmax, turnover number, Kcat/Km. Reversible and irreversible inhibition. Multimeric enzymes and allosteric regulation. Multi-enzymatic complexes. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Isoenzymes. Introduction to metabolism – general organization. Understanding pathways and metabolic maps. Catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetic. Energetically relevant molecules. Use of biochemical energy within the cell. Examples of regulation of metabolic sequences. Glucose as the fuel for energy production. The glucose transporter family – GLUT. Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. The biochemical reactions of glycolysis – Regulation of glycolysis. Glycolysis and cancer diagnosis – PET – Warburg effect. Reactions of the pentose phosphate shunt and its biochemical importance. Degradation of glycogen – glycogen phosphorylase and its hormonal control. Gluconeogenesis and other carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. Lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Anaerobic metabolism. Mechanism of pyruvate oxidation – the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Reactions of the citric acid cycle – Regulation of the cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation – The mitochondrion as the energetic plant of the cell. The scale of redox potential of biologically relevant molecules. The machinery for the electron transport: structure and function of the complexes I, II, III and IV. The sulphur-iron centers. The Q-cycle in the complex III. The electrochemical potential in electron transport. Oxygen utilization. The ATP synthase: structure and mechanism of action. The stoichiometry of electron transport, proton transport, oxygen consumption and ATP production. Brief introduction to mitochondrial dysfunction – the Mitochondrial Quality Control network in the control of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission and mitophagy); mitochondria as generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. ROS, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition. Absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Activation of lipolysis and transport of free fatty acids. Activation and transport of free fatty acids in mitochondria. The role of carnitine. The beta-oxidation reactions. Ketogenesis. Synthesis of fatty acids – Regulation of fatty acids metabolism. The biosynthesis of phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism Transamination and transdeamination of amino acids. Selected examples of amino acid bio-transformations: production of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline from tyrosine; arginine as the source of nitric oxide. The urea cycle. Degradation of nucleotides. Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines and related pathologies –Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Adenosine deaminase deficiency. Degradation of heme: structure and function of biliary salts. Bioenergetics and regulation of fuel metabolism – energy metabolism disorders.

(reference books)

- Tavazzi Barbara (syllabus)

(reference books)

BIO/10

Basic compulsory activities

ENG

- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (objectives)

- Capobianchi Maria Rosaria (syllabus) (reference books)

BIO/11

Basic compulsory activities

BIO/11

Attività formative affini ed integrative

ENG

90221 - Physiology I (objectives)

- PHYSIOLOGY (objectives)

- Frank Claudio (syllabus)

Cellular and Muscle Physiology and of the Cardiocirculatory System.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medullary. Modification of neuronal circuits induced by the experience. Shelter and regeneration mechanisms.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Acid-base physiology. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

(reference books)

- D'Arcangelo Giovanna (syllabus)

(reference books)

- Zona Cristina (syllabus)

(reference books)

BIO/09

Basic compulsory activities

ENG

- METHODS AND DIDACTIC APPROACHES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES (objectives)

- Tancredi Virginia (syllabus) (reference books)

M-EDF/01

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90288 - Microbiology (objectives)

- Bacteriology (objectives)

- Pica Francesca (syllabus) (reference books)

- Di Caro Antonino (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/07

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Virology (objectives)

- Armenia Daniele (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/07

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Parasitology (objectives)

- Di Cave David (syllabus) (reference books)

VET/06

Core compulsory activities

ENG

Second semester

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90233 - Physiology II (objectives)

- PHYSIOLOGY (objectives)

- D'Arcangelo Giovanna (syllabus) (reference books)

- Pellicciari Maria Concetta (syllabus) (reference books)

BIO/09

Basic compulsory activities

BIO/09

Attività formative affini ed integrative

ENG

- METHODS AND DIDACTIC APPROACHES OF SPORTS ACTIVITIES (objectives)

- Annino Giuseppe (syllabus) (reference books)

M-EDF/02

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90235 - Immunology and immunopathology (objectives)

- Rufini Alessandra (syllabus) (reference books)

- Benvenuto Monica (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/04

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90234 - Human anatomy II (objectives)

- Sciamanna Giuseppe (syllabus)

SPLANCNOLOGY AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I).
Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses.
Digestive system: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas.
Urinary system: kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system.
Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system: sensory receptors (proprioceptors and exteroceptors), neurons, glia, myelin, synapses.
General organization of the pathways of conscious and unconscious sensitivity and motor pathways.
Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord, reflex arcs.
Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.
Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.
Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.
Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.
Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity.Cranial nerve nuclei and their functional specialization. General organization of nerve plexuses.
Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.
Autonomic nervous system: general organization of the vegetative nervous system; parasympathetic and orthosympathetic.
Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Plexus organization and regional innervation study.
Sense organs: anatomy, histology and nerve pathways of the eye, ear, smell and taste

(reference books)

BIO/16

Basic compulsory activities

BIO/16

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90289 - Electives (objectives)

- Vahrenwald Arnold

Elective activities

ENG

90252 - General pathology (objectives)

- LABORATORY MEDICINE TECHNICAL SCIENCES (objectives)

- Fabiani Emiliano (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/46

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- GENERAL PATHOLOGY (objectives)

- Benvenuto Monica (syllabus)

Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.

(reference books)

- Bei Roberto (syllabus)

(reference books)

- Goletti Delia (syllabus)

Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.

(reference books)

MED/04

Core compulsory activities

ENG