Degree Course: Biomedical Laboratory techniques Syllabus for A.Y. 2020/2021

APPLIED PHYSICS
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES: Operational concept of physical quantity. Fundamental and derivative quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. Systems of measurement units. Measurement of physical quantities. Systematic errors and accidental errors. Sensitivity, precision of a measuring instrument.
MOVEMENT: Velocity and acceleration as scalar quantities. Velocity and acceleration as vectors.
THE FORCES: The concept of strength and the principle of inertia. The concept of mass is the second principle of dynamics. The weight force is the acceleration of gravity. The third principle of dynamics. Static balance of a material point. Balancing of a system of forces. Friction. Rigid bodies and center of gravity. Moment of a force with respect to a point. Balance of a rigid body. Definition and equilibrium condition of a lever. Various types of leverage. Levers in the human body.
WORK AND ENERGY: Work of a force. Work and kinetic energy. The concept of energy. Conservative forces (outline). Potential energy.
LIQUIDS: Definition and unit of measurement of pressure. Density and specific weight. Forces acting on a volume of fluid at rest. Stevino Law. Pressure gauges. Pascal's law .
THERMOMETRY and GAS: The concept of temperature. The centigrade temperature scale. Expansion thermometers. Clinical thermometer. Absolute temperature scale. The equation of state of perfect gases.
HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY: The concept of quantity of heat. Heat measurement unit. Thermal capacity of a body and specific heat of a substance. Expression of the amount of heat exchanged by a body. The internal energy of a system. The first principle of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic transformations. State changes. Metabolic power. Energy value of food. Temperature control
THE ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA: The electric charge. Conductors and insulators. Electric field and intensity of the electric field. Coulomb law. Unit of measurement of electric charges. Dielectric constant. Electrical p otential and potential difference. Electric capacitors. Electric current and current intensity. The direct current. Energy considerations on electrical circuits. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance and resistivity. Resistance in series and in parallel. Internal resistance of a generator. The thermal energy connected with the Joule effect. Power absorbed by a device. Electrical Safety
IONIZING RADIATION: Introduction to radiation. Radiation, radioactive decay, law of radioactive decay. Biological half-life. The most common decays and associated radiation. Interaction of radiation with matter and hints of dosimetry.

•Teacher notes
• Gian Marco Contessa- Giuseppe Augusto Marzo ; Fisica applicata alle scienze mediche- Casa Editrice Ambrosiano
• Ezio Ragozzino, Elementi di Fisica per studenti di Scienze Biomediche –EdiSES - 2 ediz.
• Paul Davidovits: Fisica per le professioni sanitarie- UTET.

The first part of the course will introduce the logic of statistics and experimental design.
The concepts of probability calculation and combinatorial calculation will be introduced or recalled; although theoretically already in possession of the student, these steps are fundamental and will be used in the continuation of the course. In this phase the main probability distributions will be treated, including the binomial distribution, the Poisson distribution and the standard Normal and Normal distributions, but more than the single mathematical process,we will try making the student aware of the deep motivation of the medical statistics, as a science, and its application in practice, as well as the risks of its incorrect understanding.
In the second part of the course the descriptive statistics and its methodology will be addressed. It will be shown how to recognize the type of data and how to summarize them in appropriate indexes.
The student will learn how to calculate position measurements (mean, median, fashion), variability (variance, standard deviation), coefficient of variation (CV), percentiles and their use. It will also make extensive use of practical examples to define a good descriptive statistic and a defective or deceptive descriptive statistic.
In the final part of the course the general principles of statistical inference will be treated.
Cases of sample distribution, type I and II errors, power of a test and operating curve will be introduced. We will then move on to parametric tests - Student's t-test, ANOVA with 1 and 2 classification criteria, non-parametric tests: - Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test, median test, chi-square test, Fisher exact test. We will also provide the basic concepts of regression and analysis of time dependent variability with mention of Kaplann Meyer functions, log rank and Cox regression.

1) Notes of the lessons
2) Stanton A. Glantz: Statistics for Bio-medical disciplines - ed. McGraw-Hill
3) Sidney Siegel, N. John Castellan Jr.: - Non parametric statistics - ed. McGraw-Hill
4) Resources and links from the Internet with particular reference to the use of the PubMEd portal

The programme will cover all the items detailled in the learning objectives on the basis of concrete examples and numerous exercises

Stanton Glantz : Statistica per scienze biomediche
Michael C. Whitlock: Analisi statistica dei dati biologici
Practical reference and explanatory sheets to be distributed by the teacher

• Introduction to IT systems
• The hardware part of IT systems (CPU, memory, Input/Output)
• The software part of IT systems: system software (operating systems and utility programs), application software (word processing, spreadsheet, database, etc.)

Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (16th edition) - Cengage Learning

Preparation of tissues for histological analysis
Microscopy, preservation of biological structures, stainings.

Epithelial tissues
Classification of epithelia, polarity of epithelial cells, junctions, absorbent epithelia, glandular epithelia.

Connective tissues
Connective tissue proper: extracellular matrix and connective cells. The different types of connective tissue proper. Adipose tissue. Blood and hematopoietic tissues. Supportive connective: cartilage and bone.

Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle: structure of muscle fibers, contraction mechanism, diversity of muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle: structure of cardiomyocytes and myocardial conduction mechanism. The smooth muscle.

Nervous tissue
The neuron. Glial cells. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. General structure of the nerves.

• William Bloom, Don W. Fawcett, “Elementi di istologia”, II edizione a cura di V. Cimini, CIC Edizioni Internazionali.

- Introduction

- General (General Anatomy).

- Locomotor apparatus (general information on osteology, arthrology, myology).

- Cardiovascular system(morphology and structure of the heart and large vessels).

- Lymphatic circulatory system and lymphoid organs(morphology and structure: general, pulmonary circulation, main lymphatic trunks).

- Respiratory system (morphology and structure: upper airways, lungs, pleurae, mediastinum).

- Digestive system(morphology, structure: pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver and biliary tract, pancreas).

- Urinary system(morphology and structure: kidney and urinary tract).

- Male and female genital apparatus (morphology and structure: testis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles, prostate, ovary, uterine tube, uterus and vagina).

- Nervous system (brief notes on the sensory and motor pathways, spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and telencephalon).

Martini et al. Anatomia Umana, VII edizione - Edises;
Seeley et al. Anatomia, II edizione - Idelson-Gnocchi
Montagnani et al. Anatomia Umana Normale - Idelson-Gnocchi

1. Outline of energy metabolism (glycolysis, fermentation, cellular respiration, photosynthesis)
2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
3. The nucleus, nucleoli, chromatin, chromosomes
4. Structure and function of DNA
5. Notes on DNA and its correlation with human pathologies
6. Structure and function of RNA
7. Genetic code, reading and interpretation
8. Protein synthesis
9. Exocytosis, endocytosis

David Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally Hacker, " Elementi di Biologia e genetica " ¸Zanichelli, 2019, V edizione

haracteristic of living cells: Cellular theory. Classification principles of living organisms.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell models: classification and major structural differences.
Cell Chemistry: Macromolecules: structure, shape and function
Plasma membrane: properties and functions.
Internal organization of the cell: Cellular compartments. Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles, ribosomes, smooth and rought endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes.
The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments. Cilia and flagella. Centrioles and centrosomes.
Energy conversion: Glycolysis, fermentation, cellular respiration, photosynthesis. (outline). Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, structure and function.
Molecular basis of hereditary information: DNA replication. DNA repair and its correlation with human diseases.
RNA, structure and function: Main types of cellular RNAs and differences with respect to DNA in terms of molecular size, stability and biological functions. Transcription and RNA maturation.
Genetic Code and its properties. Protein synthesis: How cells read the genome. Main post-translational modifications of the polypeptide chains.
Post-synthetic fate of proteins, endomembranes and membrane traffic: Endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis

• Sadava, Hillis, Heller, Hacker. Elementi di Biologia e Genetica Zanichelli editore, V ed.
• Raven,Johnson, Mason, Losos, Singer. Elementi di Biologia e Genetica Piccin editore II ed.

Basic Genetics: Definitions of Key Terms: gene, locus, allele, genotype, phenotype, haplotype, homozygous, heterozygous, haploid, diploid, dominance, recessivity, codominance, mutation, polymorphism.
Principles of Genetic Transmission: Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid and dihybrid Crosses, Segregation in Human Pedigrees, Blood groups Genetics
Monogenic Inheritance Models: Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance
Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Chromosomes: Structure and Analysis, Chromosomes Pathologies
Genomic Imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation
Mitochondrial inheritance: mitochondrial DNA, pattern of inheritance
Multifactorial inheritance: polimorphisms, susceptibility genes, gene-environment interaction, association studies
Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Medicine
Old and new technologies in Genetics. Examples with clinical cases
Genetic tests and Counselling. Outlines

Lectures in pdf format will be provided to students.
Recommended books:
“Genetica in Medicina”, by Nussbaum, McInnes, Willard. Edises
“Genetica Medica Essenziale” by Dallapiccola, Novelli. Cic editore

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS: Description of physiological mechanism. Structure-Function relationships of the body. Levels of organization in the body. Concept of Homeostasis. Homeostatic Control Systems.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND PLASMA MEMBRANE: Membrane transport of ions and molecules. Membrane potential and action potentials. Synapses and neuronal integration. Intercellular communication and signal transduction. Neurotransmitters.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY: Motor unit, neuromuscular junctions. Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle contraction and mechanics. Physiology of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: Functional organization of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system: afferent and efferent divisions. Role of glia cells. Autonomic nervous system. Integrative functions of nervous system.
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY: Anatomy and electrical activity of the heart. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and its control. General principles of hemodynamics. Blood vessels and blood pressure. Blood and hemostasis.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: General principles of endocrinology. Principles of general functioning of hormones. Central and peripheral endocrine glands and their hormones. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Control of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Physiology of male and female reproductive system.
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Respiratory anatomy and mechanic. Gas exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Control of respiration.
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM: Elements of renal function: kidney and nephron. Glomerular filtration. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urine excretion and plasma clearance.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Digestive tract and accessory digestive organs. General aspects of digestion. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility of digestive tract. Nutrient digestion and absorption

Sherwood “Human Physiology”. Publisher: Cengage Learning, Inc.
Koeppen and Stanton “Berne & Levy Physiology”. Publisher: Elsevier.
Guyton and Hall “Textbook of Medical Physiology”. Publisher: Saunders.

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS :
Atoms and molecules
Chemical reactions
Ionic equilibrium in solution
Water
Elements of organic chemistry

BIOCHEMISTRY :
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Digestion

INTRODUCTION TO METASBOLISM :
Generality
Catabolism
Anabolism

Appunti di biochimica. Per le lauree triennali
M.V.Catani, V.Gasperi, A.Di Venere , I.Savini , P.Guerrieri , L.Avigliano
Piccin editore

Introduction to metabolism – general organization. Catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetic. Energetically relevant molecules. Use of biochemical energy within the cell. Examples of regulation of metabolic sequences.
Glucose as the fuel for energy production. Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. Glycolysis – steps and regulation.
The pentose phosphate shunt and its biochemical importance.
Degradation of glycogen – glycogen phosphorylase and its hormonal control.
Gluconeogenesis and other carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways.
Lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Anaerobic metabolism.
Mechanism of pyruvate oxidation – the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The citric acid cycle – role, energetic yield and regulation of the cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation – The mitochondrion as the energetic plant of the cell. The machinery for the electron transport: structure and function of the complexes I, II, III and IV. The electrochemical potential in electron transport. Oxygen utilization. The ATP synthase: structure and mechanism of action. The stoichiometry of electron transport, proton transport, oxygen consumption and ATP production.
Brief introduction to mitochondrial dysfunction – mitochondria as generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition.
Activation of lipolysis and transport of free fatty acids. Activation and transport of free fatty acids in mitochondria. Lipids catabolism - β-oxidation. Ketogenesis.
Synthesis of fatty acids – Regulation of fatty acids metabolism.
Cholesterol metabolism.
Transamination and transdeamination of amino acids. The urea cycle.

• M.V.Catani, V.Gasperi, A.Di Venere, I.Savini, P.Guerrieri, L.Avigliano. “Appunti di biochimica per le lauree triennali”. Piccin editore
• Any other textbook covering the entire program

Solutions
Concentration, molarity, molality, molar ratio, dilution, stoichiometry.
Immunochemistry
General aspects of the immune system, production of antibodies, immunochemical assays, Elisa, immunohistochemistry.
Electrophoretic techniques
General principles, supports used in electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), SDS-PAGE, Western blot.
Molecular biology techniques
General aspects of the genetic, mutations and clinical significance, PCR, sequencing, principle of genomic and NGS sequencing.

- ”Biochemistery”, Terry A. Brown; Scion Publishing.

Basic principles of microbiology
Morphology and structure of the bacterial cell
Structure of bacterial spores and sporulation process
Gram coloring and coloring for acid resistance
Metabolism, growth and bacterial replication
Sterilization, disinfection, asepsis
Structure, replication and mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity
Morphology of viral particles
Cellular Tropism and Host Spectrum
Viral Enzymes
Virus classification
Phases of viral replication
Basic concepts of immune response
Natural immune response of host
Humoral acquired immune response
Cell-mediated acquired immune response
Immune responses against infectious agents
Interferon mechanisms of action
Vaccines and passive immunoprophylaxis
Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis
Demonstration of causal nature between pathogen and disease: Koch postulates
Normal microbial flora of our organism
Host-microorganism" interactions: Commensalism - Mutualism - Parasitism
Factors influencing the "host - microorganism" balance
Modes of transmission of the infection
Steps in the infectious process
Bacterial virulence factors
Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and interaction with the host
Transmission mode
Steps in the infectious process
Localized and disseminated infection
State of persistence and latency
Viral Oncogenesis
Virus-induced cytopathic effect
Alteration of expression of genes and/or cellular proteins

Title: The basics of Microbiology
Authors: Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe Bruce D. Fisher

-Organization of a laboratory

-Knowledge of the main laboratory instruments

-Types of tubes (with and without anticoagulants) used in analytical investigations

-Blood count and basic concepts on blood tests

-The various stages of an analytic process

The student will be provided with educational material, such as notes and presentations

Special bacteriology
Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumococcus and Enterococci. Bacilli and Clostridia. Corinebacteria and Listeria. Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas. Vibrions, Campylobacter and Helicobacter. Hemophiles, Bordetellae and Caterpillars. Yersinie and Pasteurelle. Neisserie. Anaerobic microorganisms. Legionellae. Mycobacteria. Spirochaetes. Mycoplasmas. Rickettsie. Chlamydia. Antibacterial vaccinations. Principles of antimicrobial therapy.
Special Virology
Main classes of viruses of medical interest: Adenovirus, Herpesvirus, Poxvirus, Papovavirus, Parvovirus, Hepatitis virus, Picornavirus, Ortomixovirus, Paramixovirus, Rhabdovirus, Retrovirus, Reovirus, Togavirus, Flavivirus, Rotavirus. Diagnostics and antiviral therapy
Notes on special mycology
General characteristics of fungi: wall structure. dimorphism. metabolism, pigments, ecology, habitat, tropism, thallus morphology, hyphal growth, asexual blast and thallic reproduction, colony formation, germination, latency, variability, pathogenicity factors, pathogenesis of endogenous and exogenous fungal infections, non-specific and specific defense mechanisms against fungal infections, classification of fungal infections; anti-fungal diagnosis and therapy.

COURSE STRUCTURE
The coure is structured in 40 hours of frontal teaching, divided into lessons of 2 or 4 hours according to the academic calendar. Frontal teaching inc

Title: The basics of Microbiology
Authors: Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe Bruce D. Fisher

Definition of health and disease:
• definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• the determinants of health and illness, proximal and distal determinants, lifestyles, empowerment, healthy inequalities.
• General concepts of control of communicable diseases: outline of methods of transmission, management and control (isolation, quarantine, chemo- and immuno-prophylaxis, sanitization, disinfection and sterilization measures);
• Epidemiology and Prevention of chronic degenerative diseases
• Environment and Health Report

The student will be provided with educational material, such as notes and presentations

GENERAL
Parasites: classification criteria and taxonomy. Morphological characters. General characteristics of parasites and relationships with the host. Immunity and parasites. Biological cycles and relationships with the host: contact with the host, penetration into the host, internal migrations, abandonment of the host. Relations with carriers and intermediate guests. Zoological groups: Protozoa, Cestodes, Digenei, Nematodes, Arthropods. Epidemiology and control of parasites. Essential clinical pictures of pathologies caused by parasites. Epidemiological models of parasites. Integrated diagnostic approach. Precautions for the laboratory technician. Reasoned diagnostic path. Traditional and innovative diagnostic methods. Molecular and proteomic parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance. Vaccination perspectives and the fight against parasites

Gabriella Cancrini: «Illustrated medical parasitology» third edition, EDRA EDIZIONI. 2017

Bacteriology:

- Culture media: preparation, growth factors, sowing

-Sterilization

-Biochemical identification of microorganisms

-Susceptibility to antibiotics

-Blood culture, urine culture

-Staining

-Other methods: agglutination, precipitation, immunofluorescence, etc.

Virology:

-Laboratory medicine: evolution of virological diagnosis techniques.

-Real-time PCR: basic principles and technical aspects.

-Application of real-time PCR in the virological environment.

-Importance of quantitative real-time dosages in the virological field

-Examples of case-reports in the validation of the analytical data

The student will be provided with educational material, such as notes and presentations

The syllabus is structured around the thematic sections listed below. Each section focuses on the analysis of different types of written and oral texts taken, adapted and simplified from original documents. Each unit includes sections dedicated to grammar practice and vocabulary building, including from the translational standpoint, as well as exercises aimed at developing the students’ four language skills (listening, reading, writing, speaking) in a systematic and integrated way.
Thematic sections:
1. Healthcare professionals. Major medical specialties. Profession of the biomedical laboratory technician.
2. Careers in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Job interview. Student biolab technician’s profile. Practical skills: How to write a CV.
3. Medical Devices and Instructions for Use.
4. Equipment for modern biolaboratory.
5. Blood. Forensic analysis. Testing blood.
6. Pain. Symptoms.
7. Common illnesses. Pandemics. Infectious diseases.
8. Medication.
9. Death and dying.
10. Hygiene. Prevention and treatment.
11. Ethics in medicine. Informed consent.
12. English as a modern lingua franca of medical communication. Discursive practices in Medical English. Practical skills: Oral and written communication skills. Understanding a scientific publication. Introduction to writing a scientific paper.
13. Medical advances improving lives.
14. DNA and genetics.
15. Health and Safety in the workplace.
16. GMP Inspections of manufacturers of medicinal products.
This syllabus is subject to change based on the needs of the class.

All the material needed to follow the lessons will be available online. The texts to be analyzed will be uploaded online before single lessons, and the students are kindly asked to print them.
Supplementary texts (optional reading):
- L. Benigni, A.L. Schou Clarke, English for Health and Safety in the Workplace, Hoepli, Milano, 2011, con CD-Rom Audio;
- B. Bettinelli, N. Carlini, P. Catenaccio, English for Medicine, Hoepli, Milano, 2005;
- J. Chrimes, English for Biomedical Science in Higher Education Studies Course Book with audio CDs, Garnet Education, 2015.

• Proteins: functions in all biological liquids and methods of determination.
• Clinical biochemistry of the liver and kidney.
• Glucose Homeostasis.
• The emergency laboratory.
• Heart markers and drugs of abuse.
• Clinical biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid.
• DNA sequencing techniques.

The student will be provided with educational material, such as notes and presentations.

• Introduction to Information Systems
• Information System types
• The lifecycle of Information Systems
• Overview of Database and Database Management System (DBMS)

Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (16th edition) - Cengage Learning

The course will include the following topics
1. Diagnostic accuracy: sesistivity, specificity and pre-test probability
2. Predictive values: negative predictive values, positive predictive values and prevalence
3. Positive likelihood and negative likelihood
4. Bayes theorem
5. Gold Standard, Reference Tests and Index Tests
6. Target population, study population, target situation and target condition
7. McNemar test
8. Diagnostic cohort studies
9. Case control study for research in diagnostics medicine
10. Paired comparative studies for research in diagnostics medicine
11. Clinical outcome studies (benefit studies)

The Design of Diagnostic Studies - Reading material for an internetbased course Werner Vach, Veronika Reiser, Izabela Kolankowska, Susanne Weber Copyright University of Freiburg, 2014 https://www.offenehochschule.uni-freiburg.de/ordner/data/doc/knowledge_translation/dokumentation-diagnosekurs

Margaret Sullivan Pepe The Statistical Evaluation of Medical Tests for Classification and Prediction (Oxford Statistical Science Series) 1st Edition ISBN-13: 978-0198565826 ISBN-10: 0198565828

- Pre-analytical variability (treatment and conservation of biological materials). - The laboratory error.
- General characteristics of measurement techniques.
- The techniques of separation of biological material.
- The main measurement techniques used in a clinical chemistry laboratory (photometry, spectrophotometry, chromatography, fluorimetry, turbidimetry, nephelometry, electrophoresis and signs of serology) - laboratory investigations
of carbohydrate, lipid and nitrogen metabolism; - Hematologic parameters: glycaemia, hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, lipidemia, bilirubin, azote-mia, uricemia, transaminase. - Principles and Techniques of Hematology and Coagulation. molecular investigations, application of PCR in clinical biochemistry

The student will be provided with educational material, such as notes and presentations

Cellular pathology: Cellular stress. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Cell death: necrosis, apoptosis.
Inflammation: Definition of Inflammation. Acute inflammation. Chemical mediators of inflammation. Cells involved in inflammation. Chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Exudation: different types of exudate. Distinctive features between acute and chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation. Granulomas.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis.
Changes in thermogenesis: The organism's general response to heat and cold. Causes of fever. Course and types of fever. Hypothermia and hyperthermia.
Oncology: Nomenclature of tumors. Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Molecular basis of cancer. Metastasis.

-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbook: Pathology for the Health Professions, 4th Edition, Ivan Damjanov MD PhD. Elsevier.

Interpretation of laboratory tests
Renal function tests
Examination of Urine
Liver function tests
Laboratory tests in Diabetes Mellitus
Thyroid function tests
Laboratory tests in disorders of lipids
Laboratory tests in Pregnancy
Laboratory test in autoimmune disease

Kawthalkar, Shirish M., M.D. Essentials of Clinical Pathology
Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2nd edition (31 July 2018)
ISBN-13: 978-9386150691

Daniel D. Mais Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology
ASCP Press; 4th Revised edition (30 December 2018)
ISBN-13: 978-0891896678

Teaching material provided by the teacher during the lessons

Interpretation of laboratory tests
Renal function tests
Examination of Urine
Liver function tests
Laboratory tests in Diabetes Mellitus
Thyroid function tests
Laboratory tests in disorders of lipids
Laboratory tests in Pregnancy
Laboratory tests in bleeding disorders and thrombophilia
Laboratory tests in autoimmune disease
Laboratory tests in anemia and hematological malignancies
Practical blood transfusion
Tumor markers

Kawthalkar, Shirish M., M.D. Essentials of Clinical Pathology
Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub; 2nd edition (31 July 2018)
ISBN-13: 978-9386150691

Daniel D. Mais Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology
ASCP Press; 4th Revised edition (30 December 2018)
ISBN-13: 978-0891896678

Teaching material provided by the teacher during the lessons

• Introduction to Integrated Onco-hematological diagnostics: Flow cytometric techniques, Molecular biology, Conventional cytogenetics,Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
• Separation of mononuclear cells from bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood (Ficoll)

• Count of cells with counting chambers
• Nucleic acid extraction techniques (automatic extractors, home made techniques)
• RT-PCR: basic principles and technical aspects
• Application of PCR in oncohematology
• PCR real-time: basic principles and technical aspects
• Application of real-time PCR in monitoring the minimal residual disease
• Q-LAMP : basic principles and technical aspects
• Application of Q-LAMP in the rapid diagnosis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
• Eletrroforetic techniques : agarose gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis
• Case-report in the validation of the analytical data

Didactic material provided by the Professor

• Organization of clinical analysis laboratory;
• Biological, pre-analytical and analytical variability; specificity and sensitivity; discriminating value (ROC curve); predictive value and analytical reporting.
• Quality in the laboratory; the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phase. UNI EN ISO 9001/15 certification and UNI EN ISO 15189 accreditation
• Separation techniques by centrifugation: sedimentation principles. Centrifuges and ultracentrifuges. Subcellular fractionation.
• Principles and applications of spectrophotometry, turbidimetry, nephelometry, fluorimetry, chemiluminescence.
• Principles and applications of radioimmunoassays.
• Principles and applications of chromatography, HPLC.

The student will be provided with educational material, such as notes and presentations

Immunology
General features of the immune response. Natural and acquired immunity. Cellular and tissue components of the immune system. Immune tolerance. Antigens and antibodies. Antigenic recognition and lymphocyte activation. Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC). Processing and presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes. Regulation of the immune response. Effector mechanisms of the immune response. Cytokines. Immunopathogenic reactions.

Physiopathology
Hemostasis disorders.
Hemodynamic disorders. Thrombosis, embolism. Infarction. Shock. Hypertension, atherosclerosis.
Heart pathophysiology.
Red blood cell disorders.
Liver pathophysiology.
Kidney pathophysiology.
Endocrine system pathophysiology. General mechanisms of hormonal hypofunction and hyperfunction.

-Slides and materials delivered by the teacher.
-Textbooks: Basic Immunology, 6th Edition, Abul Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Shiv Pillai. Elsevier.
Pathology for the Health Professions, 4th Edition, Ivan Damjanov MD PhD. Elsevier.

Cell cultures, examples and fields of application. Primary coltures: isolation and preparation procedures. Subcultures of cells in suspension and in adhesion. Culture methods of continuous cell lines. Evolution of a cell line. Growth curve and duplication time. Cell passages in vitro. Cell adhesion. Maintenance of cultured cells. Cell culture media, solutions and containers for cell cultures. Control and maintenance of chemical-physical parameters. Cell counting. Cell storage methods, freezing and thawing. Cryopreservation and cellular banks. Work area and equipment for the cell culture laboratory. Prevention of cell contamination and sterility conditions. Principal techniques for analyzing cultured cells: cell viability, direct and indirect immunofluorescence. Applications of cell cultures in the biomedical field with particular reference to the field of regenerative medicine.

Didactic Material provided by the teacher

- Cellular response to ischemia (definition of ischemia and hypoxia, types of hypoxia; hypoxic, anaemic, stagnant, histotoxic) ;
- Warm and cold ischemia;
- Time of ischemia and cellular susceptibility ;
- Ischemic cell damage, hydropic degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, turbid swelling;
- Reversible and irreversible subcellular modifications associated with hydropic swelling ;
- Microscopic aspects of cell death, Concept of oncosis, Coagulative necrosis, colliquative necrosis and apoptosis ;
- Principles of optical microscopy ;
- Principles of electron microscopy ;
- Applications of ultrastructural microscopy ;
- Special techniques for molecular diagnostics in anatomic pathology;
- FISH and SISH.

Scientific articles and handouts from the teacher
Free book Practical Histopathology 1st Edition Shafie Abulkadir Hassan

BASIC HISTOLOGICAL AND CITOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES :

Main techniques of fixation and preparation of histological samples

Main techniques of fixation and preparation of biological liquids

Paraffin inclusion techniques of histological samples

Paraffin inclusion and cutting techniques

Preparation techniques for fresh tissue

Artifacts from technical equipment

Principles of operation and use of the instruments

Safety in the Pathology Laboratory



ANCILLARY HISTOLOGICAL AND CITOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES :

Histochemical staining techniques

Immunohistochemical investigation techniques

Immunofluorescence techniques (direct and indirect)

Introduction to electron microscopy techniques

Title : Laboratory methods in histotechnology
Authors Edna B. Prophet, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (US)
Edna B. Prophet curator
Reprint Edition
Publisher American Registry of Pathology, 1992
Origin of the original University of Michigan
Digitized 29 Jul 2008

Title : Advanced Laboratory Methods in Histology and Pathology
Author Ulrika V. Mikel
Curator Ulrika V. Mikel
Collaborator Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (US)
Illustrated edition
Publisher Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, American Registry of Pathology, 1994
Origin of the original University of Michigan
Digitized 31 Jul 2008

FLOW CHARTS METHODOLOGY : High level road map to fractionate in logical steps a laboratory analysis pathway leading to diagnostic data. Intermediate level actions road maps. Timing and resources critical evaluation to reach the analysis objectives.

CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY :
Enzyme’s role in clinical diagnosis. Early markers and late markers. Basics of enzymatic catalysis: ezyme kinetics, action models (lock and key, induced fit, Michaelis and Menten) and their use, influence of ambient factors. Mechanisms of action, regulation, allostery, feedback. Inibition: competitive and non competitive.

Enzymatic dosing methodologies:
Critical evaluation of results: sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, accuracy, precision.
Continuous and discrete measure dosing. Substrate, product and co-factors dosing.
Diagnostic dosing “Case Studies” in the Clinical Laboratory practice: Creatin Kinase (CK), Lactic DeHydrogenase (LDH), Transaminases (GOT, GPT), Alkaline and Acidic Phosphatases, Amilases.

TUMORAL MARKERS:
Definition of sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic effectiveness, predictive value and cut-off value.
Classification and description of the main serologic markers : «case studies» of tumoral markers in organs such as colon, pancreas, liver, breast, ovary, prostate, thyroid.

Dosage methods of tumor markers in the « case studies ». Main analytical interferences and diagnostic outcome validity of interpretation.

ALLERGOLOGY:
Hypersensitivity reactions (type I-IV). Serologic investigation for total and specific IgEs. New multiparametric methodologies. Recombinant allergens. Single components diagnosis.
«Case studies» of common allergens and their diagnosis based on analytical data.

Dosing methods of immunoresponse, immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic methodologies. Main analytical interferences, diagnostic outcome and validity of interpretation.

Material distributed by the professor during the course, and corresponding selected chapters from :

1) « Laboratory Medicine Diagnosis of Disease in Clinical Laboratory », McGraw Hill, Laposata Michael, ISBN-13: 978-1259255137

2) « Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods », 23rd Ed. McPherson Richard A., Pincus Matthew, Elsevier, ISBN-13: 978-0323295680

Pharmacology
• Definition of drug.
• Main pharmacokinetic parameters: routes of administration, absorption, passage through the membranes, distribution, biotransformation, elimination of drugs.
• General principles of pharmacodynamics: receptors, mechanism of action of drugs.
• Development and discovery of new drugs: general principles of in vitro drug sensitivity tests, preparation of a pharmacological experiment.
• Drug testing: preclinical experimentation; Phases I, II, III and IV of the clinical trials.
• Drugs and food-drug interactions.
• Branded medicines, equivalents and biosimilars.
• General characteristics of the main classes of drugs.
• Pharmacogenomics: individual variability of drug response, variation of target proteins, variation in enzymes responsible for drug metabolism.
• Biotechnological drugs and targeted therapies: anti-sense oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies; chimeric proteins, kinase inhibitors.
Toxicology
• Principles of toxicology; toxicokinetics; toxication and detoxification mechanisms; main sources of toxicity; toxic drug effects.
Pharmaceutical Galenic
• Principles of pharmaceutical galenic, magisterial and officinal galenic, auxiliary substances in galenic preparations: solvents, excipients, preservatives.
• Operation in a confined environment with reference to the Official Pharmacopoeia; calculation of the molarity of the solutions and their preparation.

Moini J. Focus on Pharmacology: Essentials for Health Professionals. 3rd Edition PEARSON, 2018.
Other material and scientific articles indicated from time to time by the teacher.

Bacteria, viruses and fungi of medical interest.
1. Microbiological diagnostics: pathological samples, collection, transport, storage and processing of samples. Bacterial infections, direct microscopic examination and culture. Viral infections, direct examination and culture. Methods of detection of microbial macromolecules. Latex agglutination test. Elisa. Immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry. Serological diagnosis of infection: methods for documenting the presence and titre of specific antibodies. Molecular microbiological diagnostics: extraction of nucleic acids, hybridization methods, amplification of the hybridization signal, post-amplification detection. Automation in the clinical microbiology laboratory: automation in serology, identification of bacteria and antibiogram, extraction of nucleic acids and in amplification of nucleic acids.
2. Respiratory tract infections: the main clinical manifestations and the laboratory diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
3. The most common central nervous system infections (meningitis, encephalitis) and their laboratory diagnosis.
4. Infections of the genitourinary system, in relation to the microbes ( bacteria, viruses and fungi) involved and to the various types of laboratory diagnosis. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
5. Gastrointestinal tract infections: the main infections of the stomach, intestines and liver in relation to their etiologic agents an laboratory diagnosis.
6. Skin, bone and joint infections: laboratory diagnostic methods.
7. Vascular and cardiac infections, bacteremia, sepsis: main infectious agents and laboratory diagnosis.
8. Opportunistic infections and healthcare-related infections (ICA): definitions, risk factors, routes o

Lippincott® Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Series) Cynthia Nau Cornelissen Ph.D. (Editor), Marcia Metzgar Hobbs PhD (Editor). Series Editor: Harvey RH, Walters Kluwer.

GENERAL FEATURES OF PARASITES • BLOOD EXAMINATION: sample collection and storage for protozoa and metazoa detection: Trypanosoma spp.; Plasmodium spp.; microfilare; thick and thin blood smears, staining methods. Protozoan cultures. Xenodiagnosi. • FECES EXAMINATION: sample collection and storage, macroscopic examination, microscopic examination in direct wet mount and after concentration procedures. Sedimentation and flotation methods. Complementary techniques: Graham's method (adhesive cellophane); Kato-Katz procedure for counting eggs; Baermann method for Strongyloides. Permanent mounts for egg and cyst detections. Parasite staining techniques. • URINE EXAMINATION, URO-GENITAL SECRET, EXPECTORATE • SCRAPING/CORNEAL BIOPSY • SKIN EXAMINATION. • Immunological diagnostic tools. • Molecular diagnostic techniques in parasitology.

CANCRINI: Parassitologia e Tecniche di laboratorio per le professioni sanitarie. Lombardo Editore

Students will be provided with slides and teaching material related to the topics covered, as well as scientific publications

Extraction of nucleic acids. Pcr real time. Pcr and-point. Practical application of manual and automatic methods in the field of molecular virology. Description and discussion on the technical validation of the diagnostic reports produced during the practical sessions.

Students will be provided with slides and teaching material related to the topics covered, as well as scientific publications

Basic concepts in pre-analytical sample in the bacteriology laboratory. Sepsis, urine culture, liquor and infectious enteritis

Students will be provided with slides and teaching material related to the topics covered, as well as scientific publications

Purpose of cytological examination
Indications, advantages and limitations of cytological examination
Types of cytological examination: exfoliative and needle aspiration cytology
Preparation of cytological samples: smear, thin layer, cell-block, cytocentrifugation
Fixation and histochemical staining of cytological samples.
Application of special techniques in cytological diagnostics as immunocytochemistry, cytofluorimetry and FISH
Evaluation of cytological samples: criteria of adequacy of sampling and preparation
Evaluation of morphological characteristics of cells: normal, hyperplastic, atypical, neoplastic cells.
Criteria of malignancy.
Bethesda system and other main classifications
Quality control.
Artifacts; false negatives; false positives
Diagnostic cytopathology of the female genital apparatus: PAP test and breast cytology.
Diagnostic thyroid cytopathology
Diagnostic lung cytopathology
Diagnostic of urinary tract cytopathology
Diagnostic cytopathology of effusions

Recommended textbooks:
Subject: FUNDAMENTALS OF CYTOPATHOLOGY
• Comprehensive Cytopathology
7th Edition, Marluce Bibbo, David C. Wilbur, 2015, Elsevier

AUTOPSY AND CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
Definition of autopsy
History and purpose of the autopsy
Autopsy as an instrument for clinical control
Autopsy as a risk management tool
Autopsy as a tool for improving the quality of clinical-assistance pathways
The autopsy rooms
Safety Measures to be taken during autopsy procedures
General standards of biosafety in the autopsy room
The autopsy report as data storage and research support
Post-mortem phenomena
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL PATHOLOGY
Digital slides
Technologies for digitalization of histological slides
Virtual Microscopy
Role of Digital Pathology in clinical-diagnostic, training and research activities
Digital Pathology in Consultancy and Second Opinion (Telepathology)
Digital technology and machine learning systems in Anatomic Pathology
Privacy and data management

Recommended textbooks:
Subject : AUTOPSY AND CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS – ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL PATHOLOGY
• AUTOPSY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: BEST PRACTICES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Jody E. Hooper and Alex K. Williamson Editors, 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland
• DIGITAL PATHOLOGY
Yves Sucaet, Wim Waelput, 2014, Springer Briefs in Computer Science

FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOPATHOLOGY
Histopathological neoplasms classification
Immunohistochemical techniques.
Application of immunohistochemical techniques in histopathological diagnostics as an indispensable tool for the typing of neoplasms, the study of prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
Basic histopathological aspects of the pathology of the hemolymphoproietic apparatus.
Basic histopathological aspects of lung pathology.
Basic histopathological aspects of breast pathology.
Basic histopathological aspects of thyroid pathology.
Basic histopathological aspects of gastrointestinal pathology (esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver).
Basic histopathological aspects of urinary tract pathology (kidney, bladder).
Basic histopathological aspects of male genital pathology (prostate, testicles)
Basic histopathological aspects of the pathology of the female genital apparatus (cervix, uterus and ovary).

Recommended textbooks:
Subject : FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOPATHOLOGY
• Robbins & Cotran Pathologic: Basis of Disease
Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster, 10th Ed (2020), Elsevier
• Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine
7th Ed., Editor David S. Strayer and Emanuel Rubin, 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health

External examination of the corpse
Main docimasic tests
Autopsy technique for the opening of the chest cavity and the evisceration of the heart and lungs.
Autopsy technique for the opening of the abdominal cavity and the evisceration of the liver, stomach, large and small intestine and spleen.
Autopsy technique for the evisceration of extra-peritoneal organs: aorta, kidneys, bladder, prostate, uterus and ovary.
Autopsy technique for the opening of the cranial box and the evisceration of the encephalon.
Basic knowledge about macroscopic alterations of some autoptic organs , in particular of the heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, bladder, uterus, ovary and brain.

Recommended textbooks:
PRINCIPLES OF AUTOPSY TECHNIQUE
• AUTOPSY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: BEST PRACTICES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Jody E. Hooper and Alex K. Williamson Editors, 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland
• THE HOSPITAL AUTOPSY: A MANUAL OF FUNDAMENTAL AUTOPSY PRACTICE
Third Edition, Julian L. Burton and Sheffield Guy Rutty, 2010 Hodder Arnold

Main methods of nucleic acid extraction: from the pre-analytical phase to the evaluation
Techniques and Applications of PCR in Molecular Pathology
Techniques and Applications of F.I.S.H. in Molecular Pathology

Teaching materials such as handouts, presentations and scientific articles will be provided to the students

• An Overview of Health Care Management
• Leadership
• Management and Motivation
• Organizational Behavior and Management Thinking
• Strategic Planning
• Healthcare Marketing
• Quality Improvement Basics
• Information Technology
• Financing Health Care and Health Insurance
• Managing Costs and Revenues
• Managing Health Care Professionals
• The Strategic Management of Human Resources
• Teamwork
• Addressing Health Disparities: Cultural Proficiency
• Ethics and Law
• Fraud and Abuse
• Special Topics and Emerging Issues in Health Care Management
• Health Care Management Case Studies and Guidelines

Sharon Bell Buchbinder, Nancy H Shanks, (2017), Introduction to health care management, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, Massachusetts.
Readings provided by the teacher as well as all the material used during the lessons.

• Markets, preferences, utility, demand and supply
• Pareto-efficiency and market failures: asymmetric information, externalities, moral hazard and adverse selection
• Agency
• Relationships between economic growth and health
• Welfare systems
• Demand and supply of healthcare
• The economic analysis of healthcare
• Cost effectiveness, cost utility and cost benefit analyses

Wondeling, Gruen, Black. Introduction to health economics. Understanding Public Health. 1st edition.
Additional materials ( Power point slides) will be provided alongside classes.

Definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

Material provided by the teacher and “Bonita, Ruth, Beaglehole, Robert, Kjellström, Tord & World Health Organization. (‎2006)‎. Basic epidemiology, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43541”.

The protection of health and safety in the workplace: scientific and regulatory aspects: history and evolution of occupational medicine and of protection measures in the workplace; traditional, current and emerging risk factors; the regulatory framework. The health and safety protection system: the institutional system of prevention and public occupational health services; profiles, roles and functions of the actors of the company's system of protection; risk assessment; measures of collective and individual protection; occupational health surveillance; health promotion. Biomechanical and ergonomic risks: regulatory framework, characteristics, prevention and protection strategies. Organizational and psycho-social risks: regulatory framework, characteristics, prevention and protection strategies. Risks from exposure to physical agents: regulatory framework, characteristics, prevention and protection strategies. Risks from exposure to hazardous substances: regulatory framework, characteristics, prevention and protection strategies. Risks from exposure to biological agents: regulatory framework, characteristics, prevention and protection strategies.

Tomei F et al. “Manuale di Medicina del Lavoro”. Padova, Italy: Piccin, 2018.
Mucci N et al. “Occupational Stress”. New York, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, 2019

Fields of interest of legal medicine, methodology. FORENSIC PATHOLOGY : Principles of Thanatology, injuries from firearms, injuries from cutting weapons, injuries from blunt force, Asphysiology. DEONTOLOGY: Referto, Professional secrecy, L.219/2017 and informed consent, code of ethics. PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY: Civil and criminal liability, Guidelines and Law 24/2017.

Title: “Manuale di Medicina Legale”
Authors: Natale M. Di Luca, Tommaso Feola

History of medicine: prehistoric medicine, ancient Egypt, the classical world (Greece and Rome), the Middle Ages, the modern age, the contemporary age.
History of the concept of health and disease
Main historical and ethical aspects of the relationship between health professionals and patients
Historical origins of bioethics
Birth and structuring of professional ethics
Books, objects, biological sources as tools of historical research applied

- William Bynum. The History of Medicine. Oxford

Students will be provided with slides and teaching material relevant to the topics covered.

◦ Epidemiology of cancer and prevention
◦ Prognostic and predictive risk factors
◦ Carcinogenesis, cancer growth and proliferation, cancer immune tolerance
◦ Assessment and investigations of patients with cancer, including history, physical examination, laboratory and imaging techniques. Performance Status Evaluation (Karnofsky and ECOG scores)
◦ Tumour staging
◦ Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST)
◦ Principles of therapy of oncological diseases and clinical effects of therapeutic approaches used: Surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic approach (neoajuvant, adjuvant, metastatic and palliatives approaches), target therapy and immune anti-cancer agents. Drug resistance
◦ Management of medical emergencies and complications resulting from cancer or its treatment
◦ Clinical Trials in oncology
◦ Tumor markers

◦ Chmielowski B., Territo M.C. Manual of Clinical Oncology. Ed: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
ISBN 9781496349576Appointments will be set according to students’ requests.

• Bone marrow nice
• Haematopoietic stem cell
• Haematopoiesis
• Anemia
• Clonal haematopoiesis
• Myelodysplastic syndrome
• Acute myeloid leukaemia
• Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
• Myeloproliferative disorders
• Chronic myeloid leukaemia
• Lymphoma
• Peripheral blood sampling and bone marrow aspirate
• Haematological cell culture technics
• Peripheral blood and bone marrow smear
• Isolation of mono and polymorphonuclear cells
• Stem cell isolation: culture, amplification and cryopreservation
• Cytofluorimetry
• Karyotype aberrations: conventional and molecular cytogenetics (FISH)
• Diagnostic and prognostic role of molecular biology in oncohaematology
• Extraction and storage of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) for haematological tests
• Basic techniques in molecular biology: nucleic acids amplification
• Qualitative analysis (PCR and RT-PCR), diagnostic approach
• Minimal residual disease
• Qualitative analysis (PCR and RT-PCR), prognostic approach
• Gene mutations
• Sanger sequencing
• New generation sequencing and personalized medicine: applications, progress, costs and benefits

• Hematology: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Sante Tura, Michele Cavo e Pier Luigi Zinzani. Casa editrice Esculapio.
• The slides shown during the course will be made available to the student and will constitute the reading material for the haematological diagnostic techniques.

• General principles of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
• Diagnostic imaging equipment
• Conventional radiology equipment overview of the equipment and their use
• Computed Tomography equipment overview of the equipment and their use
• Radiology equipment for panoramic interventional radiology applications of equipment and their use
• Radiology equipment for panoramic radiotherapy applications of equipment and their use
• Evaluations on the dose to be administered to the patient
• Targeted choice of the exam to be carried out based on the clinical problem
• Dose / benefit ratio
• Elements of multidisciplinary radiological anatomy

Compendio di Radiologia R. Passariello, G. Simonetti
• The slides and the articles shown during the course will be made available to the student and will constitute the reading material for the course of Diagnostic Imaging