Degree Course: Biomedical Laboratory techniques Syllabus for A.Y. 2018/2019

Mechanics

 Chapter 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

1.4: Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
1.5: Units, Standards, and SI Units
1.6: Converting Units
1.8: Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis

 Chapter 2: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

2.1: References Frames and Displacement
2.2: Average Velocity
2.3: Instantaneous Velocity
2.4: Acceleration
2.5: Motion at Constant Acceleration

 Chapter 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors

3.1: Vectors and Scalars
3.2: Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods
3.3: Subtraction of Vectors and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
3.4: Adding Vectors by Components

 Chapter 4: Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion

4.1: Force
4.2: Newton's First Law of Motion
4.3: Mass
4.4: Newton's Second Law of Motion
4.5: Newton's Third Law of Motion
4.6: Weight-The Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force
4.7: Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams
4.8: Problems Involving Friction, Inclines
4.9: Problem Solving-A General Approach

Chapter 5: Circular Motion; Gravitation

5.1: Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion
5.2: Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
5.6: Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

 Chapter 6: Work and Energy

6.1: Work Done by a Constant Force
6.3: Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle
6.4: Potential Energy
6.5: Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
6.6: Mechanical Energy and its Conservation
6.7: Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
6.8: Other Forms of Energy: Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy
6.09: Power

 Chapter 7: Linear Momentum

7.1: Momentum and Its Relation to Force
7.2: Conservation of Momentum
7.8: Center of Mass (CM)
7.10: Center of Mass and Translational Motion


 Chapter 9: Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture

9.1: The Conditions for Equilibrium
9.2: Solving Statics Problems
9.3: Applications to Muscles and Joints
9.4: Stability and Balance
9.5: Elasticity; Stress and Strain
9.6: Fracture

Thermodynamics

 Chapter 13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory

13.1: Atomic Theory of Matter
13.2: Temperature and Thermometers
13.3: Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
13.4: Thermal Expansion
13.6: The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature
13.7: The Ideal Gas Law
13.8: Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law

 Chapter 14: Heat

14.1 Heat as Energy Transfer
14.2 Internal Energy
14.3: Specific Heat
14.4: Calorimetry
14.5: Latent Heat
14.6: Heat Transfer: Conduction
14.7: Heat Transfer: Convection
14.8: Heat Transfer: Radiation

 Chapter 15: The Laws of Thermodynamics

15.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.2: Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law

Fluids

 Chapter 10: Fluids

10.1: Phases of Matter
10.2: Density and Specific Gravity
10.3: Pressure in Fluids
10.4: Atmospheric Pressure Gauge Pressure
10.5: Pascal's Principle
10.6: Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer
10.7: Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle

Vibrations and Waves

 Chapter 11: Vibrations and Waves

11.7: Wave Motion
11.8: Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal
11.9: Energy Transported by Waves
11.10: Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency

 Chapter 12: Sound

12-1 Characteristics of Sound
12-2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels
12-7 Doppler Effect


Electricity and Magnetism

 Chapter 16: Electric Charge and Electric Field

16.1: Static Electricity; Electric Charge and its Conservation
16.2: Electric Charge in the Atom
16.3: Insulators and Conductors
16.4: Induced Charge; the Electroscope
16.5: Coulomb's Law
16.6: Solving Problems Involving Coulomb's Law and Vectors
16.7: The Electric Field
16.8: Field Lines
16.9: Electric Fields and Conductors

 Chapter 17: Electric Potential

17.1: Electric Potential Energy and Potential Differences
17.2: Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field
17.3: Equipotential Lines
17.4: The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy
17.5: Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
17.7: Capacitance
17.8: Dielectrics
17.9: Storage of Electric Energy

 Chapter 18: Electric Currents

18.1: The Electric Battery
18.2: The Electric Current
18.3: Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors
18.4: Resistivity
18.5: Electric Power

 Chapter 19: DC Circuits

19.1: EMF and Terminal Voltage
19.2: Resistors in Series and in Parallel
19.3: Kirchhoff's Rules
19.4: EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery
19.5: Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
19.6: RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series

 Chapter 20: Magnetism

20.1: Magnets and Magnetic Fields
20.2: Electric Current Produce Magnetic Fields
20.3: Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field: Definition of B
20.4: Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
20.5: Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire
20.8: Ampere's Law

 Chapter 21: Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law

21.1: Induced EMF
21.2: Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law
21.3: EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
21.4: Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field


 Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves

22.1: Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations
22.2: Production of Electromagnetic Waves
22.3: Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
22.5: Energy in EM Waves

 Chapter 24: The Wave Nature of Light

24.4: The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion

 Chapter 25: Optical Instruments

25-11: X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction

25-12: X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

“Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition, Pearson Education. Inc Paul Davidovits “Physics in Biology and Medicine”, Complementary Science Series

The first part of the course will introduce the logic of statistics and experimental design.
The concepts of probability calculation and combinatorial calculation will be introduced or recalled; although theoretically already in possession of the student, these steps are fundamental and will be used in the continuation of the course. In this phase the main probability distributions will be treated, including the binomial distribution, the Poisson distribution and the standard Normal and Normal distributions, but more than the single mathematical process,we will try making the student aware of the deep motivation of the medical statistics, as a science, and its application in practice, as well as the risks of its incorrect understanding.
In the second part of the course the descriptive statistics and its methodology will be addressed. It will be shown how to recognize the type of data and how to summarize them in appropriate indexes.
The student will learn how to calculate position measurements (mean, median, fashion), variability (variance, standard deviation), coefficient of variation (CV), percentiles and their use. It will also make extensive use of practical examples to define a good descriptive statistic and a defective or deceptive descriptive statistic.
In the final part of the course the general principles of statistical inference will be treated.
Cases of sample distribution, type I and II errors, power of a test and operating curve will be introduced. We will then move on to parametric tests - Student's t-test, ANOVA with 1 and 2 classification criteria, non-parametric tests: - Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test, median test, chi-square test, Fisher exact test. We will also provide the basic concepts of regression and analysis of time dependent variability with mention of Kaplann Meyer functions, log rank and Cox regression.

1) Notes of the lessons
2) Stanton A. Glantz: Statistics for Bio-medical disciplines - ed. McGraw-Hill
3) Sidney Siegel, N. John Castellan Jr.: - Non parametric statistics - ed. McGraw-Hill
4) Resources and links from the Internet with particular reference to the use of the PubMEd portal

Introduction to IT systems
Th hardware part of IT systems (CPU, memory, Input/Output)
The software part of IT systems: system software (operating systems and utility programs), application software (word processing, spreadsheet, database, etc.)

“Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (16th edition) - Cengage Learning

General information on cells, on tissues. Optical and electronic microscopy. Resolution limit.

Epithelial Tissue: classification and structure. Intracellular junction. Basal membrane. Skin: structure and function. Glandular epithelia: classification and structural organization of endocrine and exocrine glands. Types and methods of secretion.

Connective tissue: Cells, fibers and fundamental substance. Classification. Mucous and serous membranes. Adipose tissue

Cartilaginous tissue: cells. Composition of the extracellular matrix. Classification.

Bone tissue: Structure. Composition of the extracellular matrix and cell types. Periosteum and endosteal. Mechanisms of ossification. Bone remodeling.

Blood: Plasma and serum. Morphology and functions of corpuscular elements. Main blood values. hematopoiesis.

Lymphatic system and immune system: Lymphatic vessels. B-lymphocytes, T and NK lymphocytes. Lymphopoiesis. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The immune response.

Muscle tissue: Structure of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cell. Characteristics of the three types of muscle.

Nervous tissue: the neuron. Glial cells. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. General structure of the nerves.

Concise Histology - 1st Edition – Elsevier
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology- 11st Edition - Pearson

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. Skeleton: generalities regarding the bones of the skull (neuro-cranium and splancno-cranium). Bones of the vertebral column, trunk, superior limb, inferior limb, pectoral and girdle and pelvis. Joints structure, classification and movements. Joints: intervertebral joints and shoulder joint. Muscolar system. Generalities on muscle organization and respiratory muscles.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Heart, thoracic aorta, aortic arch, abdominal aorta. The Willi’s polygon. Coronary circulation. Main arteries of superior and inferior limbs. Venous system. Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and their main branches in the thorax and abdomen. Main veins of the superior and inferior limbs. Generalities on the lymphatic system.

SPLANCHNOLOGY. Basic systemic and microscopy anatomy of digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive and endocrine systems.

1) Martini Nath: Anatomy & Physiology, or
2) Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch: Human Anatomy, or
3) Tortora: Human Anatomy, or
4) Gray's Basic Anatomy

Students are strongly encouraged to make use of an atlas of human anatomy of their choice

 General characteristics of living organisms (autotrophic and heterotrophic, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, unicellular and multicellular, eukaryotic and prokaryotic). Cell theory.
 chemical constituents of cells: water; hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules
 Structure and function of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
 Organization of the fundamental eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic. Viruses
 Cellular compartments and related functional specialization (core; ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum; the Golgi complex, lysosomes, cytoskeleton; vacuoles).
 Structure and general functions of cell membranes
 Diffusion, passive transport and active transport (channel protein, sodium-potassium pump, secondary active transport)
 From genotype to phenotype: DNA as genetic material, structure and function
 DNA transcription, RNA maturation.
 The genetic code: property (universality, non-ambiguity, continuity, redundancy or degeneracy) and reading mode.
 Protein biosynthesis.
 Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
 Cellular reproduction: cell cycle, DNA replication and mitosis.
 Regulation of the cell cycle, tumor suppressor, oncogenes
 Sexual reproduction: Meiosis

-Essential Cell Biology-Alberts-Fourth Edition-Garland Science/Taylor and Francis Group

Basic Genetics:Definitions of Key Terms, Polymorphisms and mutations; Blood groups Genetics
Principles of Genetic Transmission: Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid Crosses, Segregation of Two or More Genes, Segregation in Human Pedigrees
Monogenic Inheritance Models: Autosomal inheritance,Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance
Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees
Genomic Imprinting
X chromosome inactivation
Chromosomes: Structure and Analysis, Chromosome Pathologies
The genetics of complex diseases: Concept of Genomic biomarker, inter-individual variability, Genetic approaches to investigate complex diseases.
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: The role of genetic variability in the response to drugs, both in terms of efficacy and toxicity. Personalised Medicine
Genetic tests and Counselling
Old and new technologies in Genetics: Methods and databases

"Medical Genetics" by Jorde - Carey – Bamshad.

Basic principles of microbiology
Morphology and structure of the bacterial cell
Structure of bacterial spores and sporulation process
Gram stain and staining for acid resistance
Metabolism, growth and bacterial replication
Sterilization, disinfection, asepsis
Structure, replication and mechanisms of pathogenicity of fungi
Morphology of viral particles
Cell tropism and host spectrum
Viral enzymes
Classification of viruses
Stages of viral replication
Basic concepts of immune response:
Host natural immune response
Immune acquired humoral response
Cell-mediated acquired immune response
Immune responses against infectious agents
Interferon action mechanisms
Vaccines and passive immunoprofilaxis
Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis
Demonstration of causal nature between pathogen and disease: Koch postulates
Normal microbial flora of our organism
"Host-microorganism" interactions: Commensalism -Mutualism - Parasitism
Factors that influence the "host -microrganism" balance
Mode of transmission of the infection
Stages of the infectious process
Factors of bacterial virulence
Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and of interaction with the host:
Transmission mode
Stages of the infectious process
Localized and disseminated infection
State of persistence and latency
Viral oncogenesis
Cytopathic effect induced by viruses
Expression of genes and / or cellular proteins
Viral and Bacterial infections
Respiratory infections
Gastrointestinal infections
Genital infections
Infections of the nervous system
Zoonoses

Title: The basics of Microbiology
Authors: Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe Bruce D. Fisher

 Public Health and Preventive Medicine definition and goals
 Determinants of health; health promotion; health education; genetic and environmental factors of disease.

 Introduction to epidemiology
 Demography and bio-statistical principles and analysis of more important health indicators (e.g. birth rate, mortality rate, infant mortality, etc.); absolute and relative risk. Epidemiology of infectious disease, epidemiology of chronic disease.

 Primary, secondary and tertiary Prevention
 Definition, timing and tools

 Natural history and spectrum of infectious disease
 More important infectious disease and their spread (epidemic, pandemic and cluster); direct, indirect and specific prophylaxis; infectious risk: cause, transmission, preventive measure; chemical and physical cleaning, disinfection, sterilization.

 Vaccine: indications, contraindications and preventive measure
 Vaccine, history and perspectives; different type of immunity; different type of immunization; vaccine schedule.

 Environment and health
 Climate changes, micro-climate and water; prevention of biological risk; health protection and safety of health workers

 Food Hygiene and food-borne outbreaks
 Human nutrition; food education; food control; Hygiene and prevention in collective catering (HACCP system);

 Principles of Public Health applied to the Hospital setting
 Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI) – definition, epidemiology and prevention; Sanitization, disinfection, sterilization and disinfestation; Waste management in the hospital; Prevention and quality system aimed to ensure patient safety in the hospital (Services based on international gold standards and regulations in healthcare – JCI accreditation).

Slides and materials provided by course professor

General parasitology
Systemic and zoologic nomenclature. Biological associations. Life cycles. Parasitc specificity.Host-parasite interactions and patological effect of parasites.Parasitic diseases of medical importance. Prevention of parasitc diseases. Semantics of human parasites. Special parasitology. Protozoa as human parasites. Cestodes,trematodes and nematodes human parasites.Athropodes parasites and main vectors of human parasitosis

Slides and materials provided by course professor

Culture media: preparation, growth factors, sowing
Sterilization
Biochemical identification of microorganisms
Susceptibility to Antibiotics
Blood culture, urine culture colors
Other methods: agglutination, precipitation, immunofluorescence, etc.


Virology:

Laboratory medicine: evolution of virological diagnosis techniques.
Real-time PCR: basic principles and technical aspects.
Application of real-time PCR in the virological field.
Importance of quantitative real-time dosages in the virological field
Examples of case reports in the validation of the analytical data

Slides and materials provided by course professor

Physiology of the cell membrane: 2 hours

 Membrane transport of ions and molecules
 Membrane potential and Action Potential

Muscle Physiology: 4 hours

 Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue.
 Neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling.
 Motor unit

Physiology of the Nervous System: 4 hours

 The Afferent Division: decoding and processing of sensory
 information.
 The Efferent Division: general characteristics of the motor system:
 involuntary, voluntary and automatic movements; spinal reflexes;
 the brain-encephalic control of the movement: posture and balance.
 Cortical control of voluntary movements. The cerebellum: general
 features, functions of the cerebellum. The basal ganglia: functional
 role.
 The Autonomic Nervous System.
 Supplementary functions of the nervous system.

Cardiovascular physiology: 4 hours

 Myocardial physiology: functional myocardial anatomy, myocardial
action potentials, contraction of the heart muscle.
 Cardiac cycle
 Nervous control of cardiac activity.
 General principles of hemodynamics.
 Adjustment of circulation, blood pressure and blood flow.
 Cardiac output: principles of regulation of cardiac output.
 Cardiac tones.
The Respiratory System: 2 hours

 Pulmonary ventilation: respiratory mechanics, volumes and lung
 capacity. Respiratory tract
 Gaseous exchanges: diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
 through the respiratory membrane.
 Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and body
fluids ..
 Regulation of breathing: general principles.
 Regulation of acid-base balance: general principles.

Body fluids and renal function: 2 hours

 Functional anatomy of the kidney, function of the nephron.
 Glomerular filtration: general principles.
 Elaboration of glomerular filtrate: resorption and tubular secretion,
 Control of osmolarity and sodium concentration of extracellular
 fluid: general principles.

Renal regulation of blood volume: general principles
The endocrine system: 2 hours

 General principles of endocrinology: nature of a hormone;
 general picture of the endocrine glands and their hormones.
 Principles of general functioning of hormones.

-“Berne & Levy Physiology”, Sixth Updated Edition
-“Sherwood” ninth edition
-“Guyton-Hall

ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY:
Atomic structure. Electronic orbitals. The periodic table. The chemical bond. Molecular structure. Brute formula and structure formula. Valence (in particular H, alkali metals, halogens, C, N, O). Covalent bond and hydrogen. Definitions and examples of hydrides, oxides, acids, bases and salts. Nomenclature. Notes on oxide-reduction. The ionic product of water and pH. Strong acids and bases. Weak acids and bases. Buffers. The size and the molar concentration. Basic groups of organic chemistry (hydroxyl, ketonic, aldehyde, aminic, carboxylic, thiolic).

- ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BIOCHEMISTRY:
 Protein structure: generic formula of an amino acid and peptide bond. Essential and non-essential amino acids. Secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Fibrous and globular proteins. Hemoglobin and myoglobin. Functions of proteins. Enzyme concept (active site, substrate bonding). Enzymatic kinetics.
 Structure of sugars: monosaccharides (glyceraldehyde, glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose); disaccharides (sucrose, maltose); reserve polysaccharides (glycogen, starch); structure polysaccharides (cellulose).
 Structure of fatty acids: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Stearic, oleic, palmitic, linoleic acid. Triacylglycerols and their properties.Lipid membranes and cholesterol (outline). Hormones: 4. General properties of hormones. The hormonal "cascade" (from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and from these to the main glands). Mechanisms of action of peptide and steroid hormones.
 Vitamins: Characteristics of the main water-soluble vitamins and of the four fat-soluble vitamins.
-METABOLISM AND ENERGY:
 Transformation of energy into living things. C. cycle
 Anabolism (overview of chlorophyll photosynthesis) and glucose catabolism. Structure of ATP and NADH. Glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. Metabolism evolution
 Fat catabolism: β-oxidation.
 Summary scheme of the catabolism of amino acids, sugars and lipids.

Biochemistry
Denise Ferrier
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• ISBN-10: 149636354X
• ISBN-13: 978-1496363541

ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY:
Atomic structure. Electronic orbitals. The periodic table. The chemical bond. Molecular structure. Brute formula and structure formula. Valence (in particular H, alkali metals, halogens, C, N, O). Covalent bond and hydrogen. Definitions and examples of hydrides, oxides, acids, bases and salts. Nomenclature. Notes on oxide-reduction. The ionic product of water and pH. Strong acids and bases. Weak acids and bases. Buffers. The size and the molar concentration. Basic groups of organic chemistry (hydroxyl, ketonic, aldehyde, aminic, carboxylic, thiolic).

- ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL BIOCHEMISTRY:
 Protein structure: generic formula of an amino acid and peptide bond. Essential and non-essential amino acids. Secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. Fibrous and globular proteins. Hemoglobin and myoglobin. Functions of proteins. Enzyme concept (active site, substrate bonding). Enzymatic kinetics.
 Structure of sugars: monosaccharides (glyceraldehyde, glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose); disaccharides (sucrose, maltose); reserve polysaccharides (glycogen, starch); structure polysaccharides (cellulose).
 Structure of fatty acids: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Stearic, oleic, palmitic, linoleic acid. Triacylglycerols and their properties.Lipid membranes and cholesterol (outline). Hormones: 4. General properties of hormones. The hormonal "cascade" (from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and from these to the main glands). Mechanisms of action of peptide and steroid hormones.
 Vitamins: Characteristics of the main water-soluble vitamins and of the four fat-soluble vitamins.
-METABOLISM AND ENERGY:
 Transformation of energy into living things. C. cycle
 Anabolism (overview of chlorophyll photosynthesis) and glucose catabolism. Structure of ATP and NADH. Glycolysis, fermentation and cellular respiration. Metabolism evolution
 Fat catabolism: β-oxidation.
 Summary scheme of the catabolism of amino acids, sugars and lipids.

Biochemistry
Denise Ferrier
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• ISBN-10: 149636354X
• ISBN-13: 978-1496363541

Solutions
 Concentration, molarity, molality, molar ratio, dilution, stoichiometry.

 Immunochemistry
 General aspects of the immune system, production of antibodies, enzyme immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, immunoprecipitation.

 Purification of proteins
 Tissues homogenization, fractional precipitation.

 Centrifugation
 Principles of centrifugation, preparative centrifugation, centrifuges and rotors.

 Electrophoretic techniques
 General principles, supports used in electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), SDS-PAGE, isoeletrofocusing, two-dimensional electrophoresis, Western blotting, capillary electrophoresis.

(Biochemistry, Denise Ferrier, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins).

Overview viral families
Paramyxovirus
Orthomixovirus
picornavirus
Retrovirus
Togavirus
Hepatitic viruses
Herpes virus
papovavirus
Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Poxvirus
Ebola and other viruses, Prioni
Overview of bacterial families
Bordetella
Chlamydia
Haemophilus
Enterobacteriaceae
Mycoplasmas and Ureoplasms
Spirochetes
Overview of the mycetes

Title: The basics of Microbiology
Authors: Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe Bruce D. Fisher

Contents

Organization of a laboratory

Knowledge of the main laboratory instruments

Types of tubes (with and without anticoagulants) used in analytical investigations

Blood count and basic concepts on blood tests

The various stages of an analytic process

Slides and materials provided by course professor

Syllabus:
• English grammar
• Scientific articles and texts analysis according to the main degree course topics

Oxford English for careers 1-2 student’s book ( O.U.P.)
English for nurses and healthcare providers (Ambrosiana ed.)
English grammar in use (R.Murphy, Cambridge University Press)
Oxford English grammar course (M.Swan,O.U.P.)