Degree Course: Medicine and Surgery Syllabus for A.Y. 2020/2021

Italian version

FIRST YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Language
90216 - Chemistry and introductory biochemistry (objectives) The main aim of this course is to allow the students to learn the major chemical and physical principles which govern organism life. The course will further cover the study of the composition of inorganic and organic compounds as well as the reactions they undergo. These aims will be pursued through interactive frontal lectures, exercise-sessions designed to optimize learning and to maximize the student skill in recognizing and solving a given medicinal chemistry task. - Tavazzi Barbara (syllabus) General Chemistry INTRODUCTION REMARKS. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature. Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds. MATTER STATES. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law. LIQUIDS. Vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids. THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic potentials; enthalpy, entropy. Free energy: relationship with enthalpy and entropy. SOLUTIONS. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult’s law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Expression of equilibrium constant. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium. SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acids and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry, Lewis definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers. HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion. KINETICS. Introduction to kinetics, activated complex theory, activation energy. Kinetic equations and reaction order. Relationship between kinetic constants and equilibrium constants. ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Redox reactions. Oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balance. Redox standard potentials. Nerst equation. Electromotive force potential of a cell. Half-cells. Chemical and concentration cells. Introductory Biochemistry HYBRIDIZATION OF THE CARBON ATOM - sp3, sp2, sp hybridizations and their geometry. HYDROCARBONS - Saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes and alkynes. Nomenclature. Conformational isomerism and geometric isomerism (cis-trans). AROMATIC COMPOUNDS - Structure of benzene: the resonance model. Nomenclature of aromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (outline). ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, THIOLS - Nomenclature. Acidity and basicity of alcohols and phenols. Thiols, analogues of alcohols and phenols. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES - Nomenclature. Preparations of aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl group. The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl groups; formation of semiacetals and acetals. The aldol condensation (outline). CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES - Nomenclature of acids. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: esters, amides. Mechanism of esterification; triesters of glycerol. AMINES AND OTHER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS - Classification of amines and nomenclature. Basicity of amines. Comparison between the basicity of amines and amides. STEREOISOMERY - Chirality. Enantiomers. Polarized light; the polarimeter (hints). Diastereomers. CARBOHYDRATES - Definitions and classification. The monosaccharides. Chirality in monosaccharides; Fischer's projections. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Anomers. Phenomenon of mutarotation. Pyranosic and furanotic structures. AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS - Properties of amino acids. Peptide bond LIPIDS: Structure, nomenclature, properties NITROGEN BASES AND NUCLEOTIDES - Structure, nomenclature. (reference books) CHEMISTRY Hein M, Arena S, Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc. or Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight or Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition BIOCHEMISTRY Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW Principles of Biochemistry (international student version) IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc. - Federici Luca (syllabus) General Chemistry INTRODUCTION REMARKS. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature. Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds. MATTER STATES. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law. LIQUIDS. Vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids. THERMODYNAMICS. Thermodynamic potentials; enthalpy, entropy. Free energy: relationship with enthalpy and entropy. SOLUTIONS. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult’s law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Expression of equilibrium constant. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium. SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acids and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry, Lewis definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers. HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion. KINETICS. Introduction to kinetics, activated complex theory, activation energy. Kinetic equations and reaction order. Relationship between kinetic constants and equilibrium constants. ELECTROCHEMISTRY. Redox reactions. Oxidation number. Redox reactions and their balance. Redox standard potentials. Nerst equation. Electromotive force potential of a cell. Half-cells. Chemical and concentration cells. Introductory Biochemistry HYBRIDIZATION OF THE CARBON ATOM - sp3, sp2, sp hybridizations and their geometry. HYDROCARBONS - Saturated hydrocarbons: alkanes and cycloalkanes. Nomenclature. Unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes and alkynes. Nomenclature. Conformational isomerism and geometric isomerism (cis-trans). AROMATIC COMPOUNDS - Structure of benzene: the resonance model. Nomenclature of aromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (outline). ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, THIOLS - Nomenclature. Acidity and basicity of alcohols and phenols. Thiols, analogues of alcohols and phenols. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES - Nomenclature. Preparations of aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl group. The nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl groups; formation of semiacetals and acetals. The aldol condensation (outline). CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES - Nomenclature of acids. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: esters, amides. Mechanism of esterification; triesters of glycerol. AMINES AND OTHER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS - Classification of amines and nomenclature. Basicity of amines. Comparison between the basicity of amines and amides. STEREOISOMERY - Chirality. Enantiomers. Polarized light; the polarimeter (hints). Diastereomers. CARBOHYDRATES - Definitions and classification. The monosaccharides. Chirality in monosaccharides; Fischer's projections. Cyclic structures of monosaccharides. Anomers. Phenomenon of mutarotation. Pyranosic and furanotic structures. AMINO ACIDS, PROTEINS - Properties of amino acids. Peptide bond LIPIDS: Structure, nomenclature, properties NITROGEN BASES AND NUCLEOTIDES - Structure, nomenclature. (reference books) CHEMISTRY Hein M, Arena S, Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 Edition John Wiley and Sons Inc. or Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight or Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition BIOCHEMISTRY Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW Principles of Biochemistry (international student version) IV edition – John Wiley and Sons Inc.	6	BIO/10	60	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
90219 - Biology and genetics (objectives) The integrated course in Biology and Genetics aims to provide students with the functional logic of living systems, with particular attention to the properties and functions of the cell as a basic unit of life. The student will learn the unitary mechanisms that regulate the processes and activities of the cell and the interactions between cells; the principles that govern the diversity of biological units, in relation to their structural and functional characteristics, to the modes of gene expression, both within the different districts of a single individual (differentiation), and longitudinally, during evolution. The fundamental principles of molecular biology and genetics will also be addressed; particular emphasis will be given to aspects useful to students in medicine, such as the cellular and molecular bases of diseases and the effects of drugs on cell structure and function. The Medical Genetics part will provide students the knowledge on the main notions on inheritance of monogenic, chromosomal and multifactorial diseases. At the end of the course the student will be able to distinguish the main classes of genetic diseases and to recognize the modes of transmission of hereditary diseases.
- APPLIED BIOLOGY (objectives) The student will learn the unitary mechanisms that regulate the processes and activities of the cell and the interactions between cells; the principles that govern the diversity of biological units, in relation to their structural and functional characteristics, to the modes of gene expression, both within the different districts of a single individual (differentiation), and longitudinally, during evolution. The fundamental principles of molecular biologyalso be addressed; particular emphasis will be given to aspects useful to students in medicine, such as the cellular and molecular bases of diseases and the effects of drugs on cell structure and function. - Pacini Laura (syllabus) Biology Characteristic of living cells:Cellular theory. Classification principles of living organisms. Cell Chemistry:Macromolecules: structure, shape and function. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell models:classification and major structural differences, Organelles (structure and function). Eukaryotic nuclear compartment, structure and functions. Plasma membrane:properties and functions, modes of transport of small molecules across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Internal organization of the cell:intracellular compartments and protein sorting, intracellular membrane traffic, organelles. The cytoskeleton and cell motility. Nuclear compartment, structure and functions. The different levels of chromatin condensation. Energy conversion:Glycolysis and fermentation (outline). Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, structure andfunction. Molecular basis of hereditary information: DNA replication. DNA repair and its correlation with human diseases. RNA, structure and function:Main types of cellular RNAs and differences with respect to DNA in terms of molecular size, stability and biological functions.Transcription and RNA maturation. Genetic Code and its properties. Protein synthesis:How cells read the genome. Main post- translational modifications of the polypeptide chains. Post-synthetic fate of proteins, endomembranes and membrane traffic:Endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis (LDL). Control of gene expression:Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Transcriptional control, role of chromatin condensation and of the degree of DNA methylation. Cell Cycle:The cell cycle control system. Apoptosis and Cancer, Tumor suppressors and proto- oncogenes. Cell Signaling:. Exchange of chemical signals through receptor proteins. The key role played by protein kinases in this process. The interactions between cells and their environment: Adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix. Mitosis and Meiosis:principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis; molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Gene mutations:mutations by substitution, insertion or deletion of nucleotides. Spontaneous and induced mutations. Chemical and physical mutagens. DNA repair systems for single or double stranded DNA damage. Mobile genetic elements and evolution of the genomes (reference books) Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., Garland Science, 2014. - Maiani Emiliano (syllabus) Characteristic of living cells:Cellular theory. Classification principles of living organisms. Cell Chemistry:Macromolecules: structure, shape and function. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell models:classification and major structural differences, Organelles (structure and function). Eukaryotic nuclear compartment, structure and functions. Plasma membrane:properties and functions, modes of transport of small molecules across the plasma membrane (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport). Internal organization of the cell:intracellular compartments and protein sorting, intracellular membrane traffic, organelles. The cytoskeleton and cell motility. Nuclear compartment, structure and functions. The different levels of chromatin condensation. Energy conversion:Glycolysis and fermentation (outline). Mitochondria and Chloroplasts, structure andfunction. Molecular basis of hereditary information: DNA replication. DNA repair and its correlation with human diseases. RNA, structure and function:Main types of cellular RNAs and differences with respect to DNA in terms of molecular size, stability and biological functions.Transcription and RNA maturation. Mobile genetic elements and evolution of the genomes Genetic Code and its properties. Protein synthesis:How cells read the genome. Main post- translational modifications of the polypeptide chains. Post-synthetic fate of proteins, endomembranes and membrane traffic:Endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis (LDL). Control of gene expression:Molecular mechanisms that create specialized cell types. Functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Histone code. Transcriptional control, role of chromatin condensation and of the degree of DNA methylation. Cell Cycle:The cell cycle control system. Apoptosis and Cancer, Tumor suppressors and proto- oncogenes. Cell Signaling:. Exchange of chemical signals through receptor proteins. The key role played by protein kinases in this process. The interactions between cells and their environment: Adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix. Mitosis and Meiosis:principles of chromosome dynamics during mitosis and meiosis; molecular mechanisms of genetic recombination. Gene mutations:mutations by substitution, insertion or deletion of nucleotides. Spontaneous and induced mutations. Chemical and physical mutagens. DNA repair systems for single or double stranded DNA damage. (reference books) Molecular Biology of the Cell”, VI edition, Bruce Alberts et al., Garland Science, 2014.	9	BIO/13	90	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
- MEDICAL GENETICS (objectives) The Medical Genetics part will provide students the knowledge on the main notions on inheritance of monogenic, chromosomal and multifactorial diseases. At the end of the course the student will be able to distinguish the main classes of genetic diseases and to recognize the modes of transmission of hereditarydiseases. - Ciccacci Cinzia (syllabus) Basic Genetics:Definitions of Key Terms: gene, locus, allele, genotype, phenotype, haplotype, homozygous, heterozygous, haploid, diploid, dominance, recessivity, codominance, mutation, polymorphism. Principles of Genetic Transmission:Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses, Segregation in Human Pedigrees, Blood groups Genetics Monogenic Inheritance Models:Autosomal inheritance,Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees analyses. Population genetics:Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and theoretical implications for understanding the mechanisms of biological evolution. Chromosomes:Structure and Analysis, Chromosomes Pathologies Genomic Imprinting X-chromosome inactivation Mitochondrial inheritance:mitochondrial DNA, pattern of inheritance Multifactorial Inheritance and Common Diseases:polimorphisms, susceptibility genes, gene- environment interaction, association studies Pharmacogenomics and Personalised Medicine Genetic tests and Counselling. Outlines (reference books) • “Medical Genetics, by Lynn Jorde, John Carey, Michael Bamshad. Edited byElsevier	1	MED/03	10	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
90218 - Physics and statistics (objectives) Aim of the integrated course of Physics and Statistics (Applied Physics, Medical Statistics and Informatics) is to provide students with knowledge on the fundamentals of applied physics, Statistics and Intormatics necessary for their future activity. In particular, the comprehension of physical principles at the base of medical physics and of functioning of medical instrumentation will be addressed. At the end of the course, the students will know the fundamental concepts of application of the Scientific Method to the study of biomedical phenomena (choice and measure of parameters, evaluation of errors), they will be able to describe physical phenomena of complex systems using suitable mathematical tools, they will know the scientific basis of medical procedures and principles of functioning of the equipment commonly used for diagnostics and therapeutics. The student should be able to understand the tools and computer concepts that will be useful for their future profession in the medical field and understand the importance of medical statistics in the research methodology in the medical field; - read a basic biomedical scientific article, understanding its structure and critically evaluating methods and results; handle a simple database, with particular reference to clinical medicine; make a descriptive and inferential analysis.
- APPLIED PHYSICS (objectives) Aim of the integrated course of Physics and Statistics (Applied Physics, Medical Statistics and Informatics) is to provide students with knowledge on the fundamentals of applied physics, Statistics and Intormatics necessary for their future activity. In particular, the comprehension of physical principles at the base of medical physics and of functioning of medical instrumentation will be addressed. At the end of the course, the students will know the fundamental concepts of application of the Scientific Method to the study of biomedical phenomena (choice and measure of parameters, evaluation of errors), they will be able to describe physical phenomena of complex systems using suitable mathematical tools, they will know the scientific basis of medical procedures and principles of functioning of the equipment commonly used for diagnostics and therapeutics. The student should be able to understand the tools and computer concepts that will be useful for their future profession in the medical field and understand the importance of medical statistics in the research methodology in the medical field; - read a basic biomedical scientific article, understanding its structure and critically evaluating methods and results; handle a simple database, with particular reference to clinical medicine; make a descriptive and inferential analysis. - FILABOZZI ALESSANDRA (syllabus) Mechanics Chapter 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 1.4: Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures 1.5: Units, Standards, and SI Units 1.6: Converting Units 1.8: Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis Chapter 2: Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension 2.1: References Frames and Displacement 2.2: Average Velocity 2.3: Instantaneous Velocity 2.4: Acceleration 2.5: Motion at Constant Acceleration Chapter 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors 3.1: Vectors and Scalars 3.2: Addition of Vectors-Graphical Methods 3.3: Subtraction of Vectors and Multiplication of a Vector By a Scalar 3.4: Adding Vectors by Components Chapter 4: Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion 4.1: Force 4.2: Newton's First Law of Motion 4.3: Mass 4.4: Newton's Second Law of Motion 4.5: Newton's Third Law of Motion 4.6: Weight-The Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force 4.7: Solving Problems with Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams 4.8: Problems Involving Friction, Inclines 4.9: Problem Solving-A General Approach Chapter 5: Circular Motion; Gravitation 5.1: Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion 5.2: Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 5.6: Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Chapter 6: Work and Energy 6.1: Work Done by a Constant Force 6.3: Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle 6.4: Potential Energy 6.5: Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 6.6: Mechanical Energy and its Conservation 6.7: Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy 6.8: Other Forms of Energy: Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy 6.10: Power Chapter 7: Linear Momentum 7.1: Momentum and Its Relation to Force 7.2: Conservation of Momentum 7.8: Center of Mass (CM) 7.10: Center of Mass and Translational Motion Chapter 8: Rotational Motion 8.1: Angular Quantities 8.2: Constant Angular Acceleration 8.4: Torque 8.5: Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia 8.6: Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics 8.7: Rotational Kinetic Energy Chapter 9: Static Equilibrium; Elasticity and Fracture 9.1: The Conditions for Equilibrium 9.2: Solving Statics Problems 9.3: Applications to Muscles and Joints 9.4: Stability and Balance 9.5: Elasticity; Stress and Strain 9.6: Fracture Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 16: Electric Charge and Electric Field 16.1: Static Electricity; Electric Charge and its Conservation 16.2: Electric Charge in the Atom 16.3: Insulators and Conductors 16.4: Induced Charge; the Electroscope 16.5: Coulomb's Law 16.6: Solving Problems Involving Coulomb's Law and Vectors 16.7: The Electric Field 16.8: Field Lines 16.9: Electric Fields and Conductors Chapter 17: Electric Potential 17.1: Electric Potential Energy and Potential Differences 17.2: Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field 17.3: Equipotential Lines 17.4: The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy 17.5: Electric Potential Due to Point Charges 17.7: Capacitance 17.8: Dielectrics 17.9: Storage of Electric Energy Chapter 18: Electric Currents 18.1: The Electric Battery 18.2: The Electric Current 18.3: Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors 18.4: Resistivity 18.5: Electric Power 18.8: Microscopic View of Electric Current Chapter 19: DC Circuits 19.1: EMF and Terminal Voltage 19.2: Resistors in Series and in Parallel 19.3: Kirchhoff's Rules 19.4: EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery 19.5: Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 19.6: RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series Chapter 20: Magnetism 20.1: Magnets and Magnetic Fields 20.2: Electric Current Produce Magnetic Fields 20.3: Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field: Definition of B 20.4: Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field 20.5: Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire 20.8: Ampere's Law Chapter 21: Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law 21.1: Induced EMF 21.2: Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law 21.3: EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor 21.4: Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field Vibrations and Waves Chapter 11: Vibrations and Waves 11.7: Wave Motion 11.8: Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal 11.9: Energy Transported by Waves 11.10: Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency 11.11: Reflection and Transmission of Waves 11.12: Interference; Principle of Superposition 11.13: Standing Waves; Resonance Chapter 12: Sound 12-1 Characteristics of Sound 12-2 Intensity of Sound: Decibels 12-4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns 12-6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats 12-7 Doppler Effect Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves 22.1: Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations 22.2: Production of Electromagnetic Waves 22.3: Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 22.5: Energy in EM Waves Chapter 24: The Wave Nature of Light 24.4: The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion Chapter 25: Optical Instruments 25-11: X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction 25-12: X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan) Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Chapter 27: Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom 27.10: Early Models of the Atom 27.12: The Bohr Model Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1: Structure and Properties of the Nucleus 30.2: Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces 30.3: Radioactivity 30.4: Alpha Decay 30.5: Beta Decay 30.6: Gamma Decay 30.7: Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws 30.8: Half-Life and Rate of Decay 30.9: Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-life Chapter 31: Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation 31.1: Nuclear Reaction and the Transmutation of Elements 31.5: Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry 31.9: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Thermodynamics Chapter 13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory 13.1: Atomic Theory of Matter 13.2: Temperature and Thermometers 13.3: Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 13.4: Thermal Expansion 13.6: The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature 13.7: The Ideal Gas Law 13.8: Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law 13.9: Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro's Number 13.10: Kinetic Theory and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature Chapter 14: Heat 14.1 Heat as Energy Transfer 14.2 Internal Energy 14.3: Specific Heat 14.4: Calorimetry 14.5: Latent Heat 14.6: Heat Transfer: Conduction 14.7: Heat Transfer: Convection 14.8: Heat Transfer: Radiation Chapter 15: The Laws of Thermodynamics 15.1: The First Law of Thermodynamics 15.2: Thermodynamic Processes and the First Law 15.4: Second Law of Thermodynamics-Introduction Fluids Chapter 10: Fluids 10.1: Phases of Matter 10.2: Density and Specific Gravity 10.3: Pressure in Fluids 10.4: Atmospheric Pressure Gauge Pressure 10.5: Pascal's Principle 10.6: Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer 10.7: Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle 10.8: Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity 10.9: Bernoulli's Principle 10.10: Applications of Bernoulli's Principle: from Torricelli to Airplanes, Baseballs, and TIA 10.11: Viscosity 10.12: Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille's Equation, Blood Flow (reference books) Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition or subsequent, Pearson Education. Inc	5	FIS/07	50	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
- MEDICAL STATISTICS (objectives) At the end of the course the student should be able to: understand the importance of medical statistics in the research methodology in the medical field; - read a basic biomedical scientific article, understanding its structure and critically evaluating methods and results; handle a simple database, with particular reference to clinical medicine; make a descriptive and inferential analysis - Vairo Francesco (syllabus) Introduction to biomedical statistics • Types of data, evaluation and presentation of data • Probability: assessment and role of probability • The binomial distribution • Normal distribution • Principles of statistical inference • Inference from a sample mean • Comparison of two averages • Inference from a sample proportion • Comparison between two proportions • Association between two categorical variables • Effect measurement in 2 x 2 tables • Combined analysis for associated binary data • Correlation • Linear regression • Non-parametric methods • Introduction to the calculation of the sample size • Cohort studies • Introduction to survival analysis • Case-control studies • Probability • Introduction to multivariate regression • Introduction to logistic regression • Introduction to the Poisson and Cox regression • Strategies of analysis (reference books) The lesson slides are the reference point for the study Essential Medical Statistics (Kirkwood, Sterne)	3	MED/01	30	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (objectives) The course intends to provide students with the basic knowledge to understand the essential role of Information Technology (IT) in our society, and specifically in the context of health-related technical professions. The course aims to introduce students to the tools and computer concepts that will be useful for their future profession in the medical field. The objectives of the course will be achieved through classical lessons, interactive activities and practical exercises using real or realistic data. - Dimitri Andrea (syllabus) 1) Introduction to health information systems. The Italian health information system. Health standards for data acquisition, storing and visualization. The electronic medical record. 2) Privacy and security in the management of healthcare data. 3) Introduction to databases. The E-R schema. RDBMS: tables, records, fields, queries using the SQL language. Public health databases: - PubMed, Medline, Medline plus. - Cochrane Library 4) Data mining in Healthcare. How to read the output of a statistical package. The use of R. 5) Digital devices, sensors and mobile app for precise medicine. Supporting systems for the physicians. (reference books) Handouts by the teacher. Kathleen Mastrian, Dee McGonigle - Informatics for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 1 edition (April 25, 2016) Joseph Tan - E-Health Care Information Systems: An Introduction for Students and Professionals. Jossey-Bass Inc Pub; 1 edizione (1 maggio 2012)	4	INF/01	40	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Language
90220 - Histology and embryology (objectives) The aim of Histology and Embryology classes is to provide students with knowledge on the physiological organization and development of cells and tissues. During the Histology lectures fundamentals of cytology are discussed for the full understanding of the organization of tissues and their development. The organization of cells and extracellular matrix and their association in the organization of the different tissues is illustrated and discussed, together with the standard histological procedures, including microscopy approaches (optics, fluorescence and electronics), as a tool for the study of structure and development of the human organism. - Massimiani Micol (syllabus) Elements of Cytology Structural-functional organization of the eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Lysosomes and peroxisomes Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Nuclear membrane. Nuclear matrix Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell cycle regulation and cell death. Histology Introduction to tissues and their study. Cell differentiation and histogenesis of tissues. Epithelia. Cell surface specializations and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands (endocrine and exocrine). Connective tissues: General structure and function of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibres, ground substance and cells. Cartilage: Types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. Bone: Bone structure and function. Osteogenesis; bone remodelling and homeostasis. Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Immune system and lymphatic organs. Muscle tissues: structure and function of the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue: Neurons. Neuroglia. Nerve fibres. Synapses. Neuro muscular junction. Embryology Spermatogenesis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis Folliculogenesis and oogenesis Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Ovarian & uterine cycles Fertilization. First week of development and implantation embryo. Embryonic and adult stem cells, somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk. Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities. Placenta and extraembryonic membranes. ORGANOGENESIS. Development of: - Intergumentary system - Head and neck - Oropharingeal apparatus - Gut - Respiratory system - Urogenital system - Skeleton and muscle system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system. Practical Histology Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are: • Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia. • Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia • Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea) • Transitional epithelium (ureter) • Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas. • Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons). • Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E) • Blood smear • Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus • Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues • Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord (reference books) • Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. • Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition. - Klinger Francesca (syllabus) Elements of Cytology Structural-functional organization of the eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Lysosomes and peroxisomes Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Nuclear membrane. Nuclear matrix Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell cycle regulation and cell death. Histology Introduction to tissues and their study. Cell differentiation and histogenesis of tissues. Epithelia. Cell surface specializations and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands (endocrine and exocrine). Connective tissues: General structure and function of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibres, ground substance and cells. Cartilage: Types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. Bone: Bone structure and function. Osteogenesis; bone remodelling and homeostasis. Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Immune system and lymphatic organs. Muscle tissues: structure and function of the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue: Neurons. Neuroglia. Nerve fibres. Synapses. Neuro muscular junction. Embryology Spermatogenesis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis Folliculogenesis and oogenesis Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Ovarian & uterine cycles Fertilization. First week of development and implantation embryo. Embryonic and adult stem cells, somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk. Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities. Placenta and extraembryonic membranes. ORGANOGENESIS. Development of: - Intergumentary system - Head and neck - Oropharingeal apparatus - Gut - Respiratory system - Urogenital system - Skeleton and muscle system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system. Practical Histology Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are: • Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia. • Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia • Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea) • Transitional epithelium (ureter) • Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas. • Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons). • Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E) • Blood smear • Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus • Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues • Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord (reference books) • Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. • Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, fifth edition. - Lacconi Valentina (syllabus) Elements of Cytology Structural-functional organization of the eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking. Lysosomes and peroxisomes Mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and centrioles. Nuclear membrane. Nuclear matrix Chromatin. Nucleolus. Cell cycle regulation and cell death. Histology Introduction to tissues and their study. Cell differentiation and histogenesis of tissues. Epithelia. Cell surface specializations and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands (endocrine and exocrine). Connective tissues: General structure and function of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibres, ground substance and cells. Cartilage: Types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth. Bone: Bone structure and function. Osteogenesis; bone remodelling and homeostasis. Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis. Immune system and lymphatic organs. Muscle tissues: structure and function of the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue: Neurons. Neuroglia. Nerve fibres. Synapses. Neuro muscular junction. Embryology Spermatogenesis. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis Folliculogenesis and oogenesis Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Ovarian & uterine cycles Fertilization. First week of development and implantation embryo. Embryonic and adult stem cells, somatic cell reprogramming into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potentiality for tissue regeneration and repair. Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk. Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. The notochord and its role in embryo development. Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities. Placenta and extraembryonic membranes. ORGANOGENESIS. Development of: - Intergumentary system - Head and neck - Oropharingeal apparatus - Gut - Respiratory system - Urogenital system - Skeleton and muscle system - Nervous system - Cardiovascular system. Practical Histology Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are: • Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia. • Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia • Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea) • Transitional epithelium (ureter) • Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas. • Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons). • Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E) • Blood smear • Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus • Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues • Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord (reference books) • Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. • Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th edition. - Campagnolo Luisa	10	BIO/17	100	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
90217 - Human anatomy I (objectives) The Human Anatomy I class aims to provide the morpho-functional knowledge of the human body, required by the Medical Doctors regardless of their specialties to understand the physiology and pathology of organs and their systemic repercussions. The regional approach with clinical imaging support (conventional radiology and magnetic resonance) will help the student to enhance communication skills, using proper international anatomical terminology (FICAT) to describe normal structures of the human body. The study of gross anatomy, radiological, clinical, and microscopic anatomy is propaedeutic to the study of following classes and mandatory to comprehend the importance of superficial landmarks for deep anatomical structures. - De Luca Ciro (syllabus) VERTEBRAL COLUMN A medical student should be able to: 1. Describe the main anatomical features of a typical vertebra. Identify the atlas, axis, typical cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae and sacrum and recognize their characteristic features. 2. Describe the structures, regions, and functions of the vertebral column. Describe the range of movement of the entire vertebral column and its regions. Explain what makes spinal injuries stable and unstable. 3. Describe the anatomy of intervertebral facet joints and intervertebral discs. Explain the role of the discs in weight-bearing by the vertebral column and give examples of common disc lesions, and how they may impinge upon spinal nerve roots and/or the spinal cord. 4. Describe the anatomy of a spinal nerve (e.g. as exemplified by a thoracic spinal nerve, including its origin from dorsal and ventral spinal roots, its main motor and cutaneous branches, and any autonomic component. 5. Identify the muscle and ligaments of the vertebral column and surface features to be able to perform an examination of the back, discuss their functional role instability and movement of the vertebral column. 6. Describe the anatomical relationships of the meninges to the spinal cord and dorsal and ventral nerve roots, particularly concerning root compression and the placement of epidural and spinal injections. Describe the anatomy of lumbar puncture. 7. Interpret standard diagnostic images of the vertebral column and be able to recognize common abnormalities. UPPER LIMB A medical student should be able to: 1. Describe and demonstrate the main anatomical landmarks of the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna. Recognize the bones of the wrist and hand and their relative positions, identify those bones that are commonly damaged (scaphoid and lunate). 2. Describe the close relations of the bones and joints (e.g. bursae, blood vessels, nerves ligaments and tendons), which may be injured by fractures or dislocation and predict what the functional effects of such damage might be. 3. Describe the fascial compartments delimiting the muscles of the upper limb. Explain the functional importance of those compartments and their contents. 4. Describe the origin, course and distribution of the arteries and their branches that supply the shoulder, arm and forearm in relation to common sites of injury. Explain the importance of anastomoses between branches of these arteries at the shoulder and in the upper limb. 5. Demonstrate the sites at which pulses in the brachial, radial and ulnar arteries may be located. 6. Describe the courses of the veins of the upper limb; classify and contrast the functions of the deep and superficial veins. Identify the common sites of venous access and describe their key anatomical relations. Explain the relationship between venous and lymphatic drainage channels. 7. Describe the organization of the brachial plexus, its origin in the neck and continuation to the axilla and upper limb. 8. Describe the origin, course and function of the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves in the arm, forearm, wrist and hand. Name the muscles that these nerves supply as well as their sensory distribution. Predict the consequences of injury to these nerves and describe how to test their functional integrity. 9. Describe the boundaries of the axilla. List its contents, including the vessels, parts of the brachial plexus and lymph node groups. 10. Describe the movements of the pectoral girdle; identify the muscles responsible for its movements and summarize their main attachments and somatic motor nerve supply. 11. Describe the factors that contribute to the stability of the shoulder joint and explain the functional and possible pathological consequences of its dislocation. 12. Describe the anatomy of the elbow joint. Demonstrate the movements of flexion and extension identify the muscles responsible for these movements and summarize their main attachments and somatic motor nerve supply. 13: Describe the anatomy of the superior and inferior radio-ulnar joints. Explain the movements of supination and pronation; identify the muscles responsible for these movements and summarize their attachments and somatic motor nerve supply. 14. Describe the anatomy of the wrist. Describe and demonstrate movements at these joints and name and identify the muscles responsible for the movements. Describe the relative positions of the tendons, vessels and nerves at the wrist in relation to injuries. 15. Name and demonstrate the movements of the fingers and thumb. Describe the position, function and nerve supply of the muscles and tendons involved in these movements, differentiating between those in the forearm and those intrinsic to the hand. 16. Explain the main types of grip (power, precision and hook) and the role of the muscles and nerves involved in executing them. 17. Describe the position and function of the retinacula of the wrist and the tendon sheaths of the wrist and hand. Explain carpal tunnel syndrome and the spread of infection in tendon sheaths. 18: Explain why and describe where the axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median and ulnar nerves are commonly injured and be able to describe the functional consequences of these injuries. 19. Explain the loss of function resulting from injuries to the different parts of the brachial plexus. Demonstrate how to test for motor and sensory nerve function. 20. Describe the anatomical basis of: the assessment of cutaneous sensation in the dermatomes of the upper limb, tendon jerk testing of biceps and triceps and comparative strength tests. 21. Describe the anatomy of the axillary lymph nodes and explain their importance in the lymphatic drainage of the breast and the skin of the trunk and upper limb and the spread of tumors. 22. Interpret standard diagnostic images of the upper limb and be able to recognize common abnormalities LOWER LIMB A medical student should be able to: 1. Recognize the features and surface landmarks of the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, ankle and foot. Demonstrate their palpable and imaging landmarks. Appreciate which bones and joints are vulnerable to damage and what the consequences of such damage could be. 2. Describe the close relations of the bones and joints (e.g. bursae, blood vessels, nerves ligaments and tendons), which may be injured in fractures or dislocations and predict what the functional effects of such damage would be. 3. Describe the fascial compartments enclosing the muscles and explain the functional importance of these compartments and their contents in relation to compartment syndromes. 4. Demonstrate the origin, course and branches of the arteries that supply the hip, gluteal region, thigh, leg, ankle and foot. Explain the functional significance of anastomoses between branches of these arteries at the hip and knee. 5. Demonstrate the locations at which the femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses can be felt. 6. Demonstrate the course of the principal veins of the lower limb. Explain the role of the perforator vein connections between the superficial and deep veins and the function of the ‘muscle pump’ for venous return to the heart. Describe the sites of venous access. 7. Outline the origin of the lumbosacral plexus and the formation of its branches. 8. Describe the origin, course and function of the sciatic, femoral, obturator, common peroneal and tibial nerves, sural and saphenous nerves and summarize the muscles that each supply as well as their sensory distribution. 9. Describe the structure and movements of the hip joint. Summarize the muscles responsible for these movements, their innervation and main attachments. 10. Describe the structures responsible for the stability of the hip joint and their relative contribution to maintaining the lower limb in different positions. 11 Describe the structures at risk from a fracture of the femoral neck or dislocation of the hip and explain the functional consequences of these injuries. 12. Describe the boundaries of the femoral triangle and the anatomical relationships of the femoral nerve, artery, vein and lymph nodes to each other and to the inguinal ligament, with particular regard to arterial blood sampling and catheter placement. 13. Describe the anatomy of the gluteal (buttock) region and the course of the sciatic nerve within it. Explain how to avoid damage to the sciatic nerve when giving intramuscular injections. 14. Describe the structure and movements of the knee joint. summarize the muscles responsible for these movements, their innervation and main attachments. 15. Describe the close relations of the knee joint including bursae and explain which structures may be injured by trauma (including fractures and dislocation) to the knee. Identify the factors responsible for maintaining the stability of the knee joint. Describe the menisci, ligaments and the locking mechanism close to full extension. Explain the anatomical basis of tests that assess the integrity of the cruciate ligaments. Describe the boundaries and contents of the popliteal fossa. 16. Describe the anatomy of the ankle joint. Explain the movements of flexion, extension, plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion. Describe the muscles responsible for these movements, their innervation and their attachments. 17. Describe the factors responsible for the stability of the ankle joint, especially the lateral ligaments, and explain the anatomical basis of “sprain” injuries. 18. Describe the arches of the foot and the bony, ligamentous and muscular factors that maintain them. 19. Describe the movements of inversion and eversion at the subtalar joint, the muscles responsible, their innervation and main attachments. 20. Describe the anatomical basis (nerve root or peripheral nerve) for loss of movements and reflexes at the knee and ankle resulting from spinal injuries, disc lesions and common peripheral nerve injuries. Describe the dermatomes of the lower limb and perineum used to assess spinal injuries. 21. Describe the structures at risk of a fracture of the femoral neck or dislocation of the hip and describe the functional consequences of these conditions. 22. Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lower limb and its relationship to tumor spread. 23. Discuss the structures of the lower limb that may be used for autografts. 24. Interpret standard diagnostic images of the lower limb and be able to recognize common abnormalities. HEAD AND NECK A medical student should be able to: 1. Demonstrate the position, palpable and imaging landmarks of the bones of the skull, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, maxilla, zygoma, mandible, sphenoid, nasal and ethmoid bones. Demonstrate the palpable position of the hyoid bone, thyroid and cricoid cartilages, lateral mass of the atlas and the spine of C7. Demonstrate the sutural joints and describe the fontanelles of the fetal skull. 2. Describe the boundaries, walls and floors of the cranial fossae. 3. Identify the external and internal features of the cranial foraminae and list the structures that each transmits. 4. Demonstrate the position of the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck defined by the sternum, clavicle, mandible, mastoid process, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. 5. In the posterior triangle, demonstrate the position of the spinal accessory nerve, the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus, the external jugular vein and subclavian vessels in relation to penetrating neck trauma. 6. In the anterior triangle, demonstrate the position of the common, internal and external carotid arteries, the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve, the trachea, thyroid cartilage, larynx, thyroid and parathyroid glands. Explain their significance in relation to carotid insufficiency, central venous line insertion, emergency airway management and diagnosis of thyroid disease. 7. Describe the location and anatomical relations of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, their blood supply and the significance of the courses of the laryngeal nerves. 8. Demonstrate the origin, course and branches of the common, internal and external carotid arteries and locate the carotid pulse. 9. Describe the courses of the accessory, vagus and phrenic nerves in the neck. 10. Identify the structures passing between the neck and the thorax. Describe the courses and relationships of the subclavian arteries and veins. 11. Describe the anatomy of the scalp, naming its individual layers. Describe the blood supply of the scalp and its significance in laceration injuries. 12. Demonstrate the extracranial course of the branches of the facial nerve. Describe the muscles of facial expression supplied by each branch and describe the consequences of injury to each branch. 13. Describe the intracranial and intrapetrous course of the facial nerve and the relationships of its branches to the middle ear in relation to damage of the nerve within the facial canal. 14. Describe the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. Explain the movements that occur during chewing and describe the muscles involved including their innervation. Explain what occurs in anterior joint dislocation and relocation. 15. Describe the origin, function and branches of the sensory and motor components of the trigeminal nerve. 16. Describe the origins and summarise the courses and major branches of the facial and maxillary arteries, including the course and intracranial relations of the middle meningeal artery and its significance in extradural hemorrhage. 17. Describe the relationship of the termination of the facial vein (draining into the internal jugular vein) and the mandibular branch of the retromandibular vein (supplying facial muscles controlling the angle of the mouth) to the submandibular gland and related upper jugular lymph nodes in relation to exploration of this area. 18. Describe the key anatomical relations of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, the course of their ducts into the oral cavity and their autonomic secretomotor innervation. Appreciate the narrow points of the ducts in relation to salivary stone impaction. 19. Demonstrate the features and boundaries of the oral cavity and describe its sensory innervation. 20. Describe the functional anatomy of the tongue, including its motor and sensory innervation and the role of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. Explain the deviation of the tongue after hypoglossal nerve injuries. 21. Describe the anatomical arrangement and functional significance of the lymphoid tissue in the tonsils, pharyngeal, and posterior nasal walls. 22. Describe the muscles that compose the pharyngeal walls and move the soft palate; summarise their functions and nerve supply. Describe the components of the gag reflex. 23. Describe the hyoid bone and cartilages of the larynx. Explain how these structures are linked together by the thyrohyoid, cricothyroid, and quadrangular membranes. 24. Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for closing the laryngeal inlet, controlling vocal cord position and tension. Explain how these muscles function during phonation, laryngeal closure, the cough reflex and regulation of intrathoracic pressure. 25. Describe the origin, course and functions of the motor and sensory nerve supply of the larynx and the functional consequences of injury to them. 26. Describe the stages of swallowing and the functions of the muscles of the jaw, cheek, lips, tongue, soft palate, pharynx, larynx and oesophagus during swallowing. 27. Describe the location, actions and nerve supply of the intrinsic and extra-ocular muscles and apply this knowledge to explain the consequences of injury to the nerve supply of these muscles. 28. Describe the anatomy of the eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal glands. Explain their importance for the maintenance of corneal integrity. 29. Describe the functional anatomy of the external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, ear ossicles and auditory tube, together with their major anatomical relations. 30. Describe the bones of the nasal cavity and the major features of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Describe the major arteries that supply the lateral wall and nasal septum in relation to nosebleeds. 31. Name the paranasal sinuses, describe their relationships to the nasal cavities and sites of drainage on its lateral wall and explain their innervation in relation to referred pain. 32. Describe the arrangement of the dura mater, and its main reflections within the cranial cavity and their relationship to the major venous sinuses and the brain itself. 33. Describe the arrangement of the venous sinuses of the cranial cavity; explain the entrance of cerebral veins into the superior sagittal sinus in relation to subdural hemorrhage, and how connections between sinuses and extracranial veins may permit intracranial infection. 34. Describe the relationships between the brain and the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae. 35. Describe the anatomy of the motor and sensory nerves to the head and neck and apply this to a basic neurological assessment of the cranial nerves and upper cervical spinal nerves. 36. Describe the sympathetic innervation of the head and neck and the features and casual lesions in Horner’s syndrome. 37. Demonstrate the positions of the external and internal jugular veins and the surface landmarks that are used when inserting a central venous line. 38. Describe the arrangement of the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck, the groups of lymph nodes and the potential routes for the spread of infection and malignant disease. 39. Interpret standard diagnostic images of the head and neck and be able to recognize common abnormalities. 40. Describe the anatomical microscopical structure at light and electron microscopy level of all head and neck viscera (reference books) • Gray's Anatomy for Students 4th Edition. Authors: Richard Drake A. Wayne Vogl Adam Mitchell. Imprint: Elsevier. Published Date: 22nd February 2019. • Gray's Anatomy 42nd Edition The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Editor in Chief: Susan Standring. Imprint: Elsevier. Published Date: 21st October 2020. • Atlas of Anatomy 4th edition. Authors: Gilroy, MacPherson, Wikenheiser, Schuenke, Schulte, Schumacher. Imprint: Thieme. Published Date: June 2020. • The Central Nervous System 5th Edition. Author: Per Brodal. Imprint: Oxford University Press. Published Date: 16th July 2016. • Histology: A Text and Atlas: With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. Authors: Pawlina, Wojciech, Ross, Michael H. Imprint: Wolters Kluwer. Published Date: 27th December 2018.	7	BIO/16	70	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ENG
90237 - Economy and International Social Politics (objectives) Medicine, as all other health professions, is not completely reducible to the scientific knowledge. So physicians will be not only required a thorough scientific knowledge, but also a broader knowledge of the constant bonds with Economy, History and ethics. In fact, as pointed out in some recent publications by the University of Stanford framing “… the core moral challenge of public health as balancing individual liberties with the advancement of good health outcomes. drinking water or compel people with active, infectious tuberculosis to be treated ... ". Students, through Economical, Historycal and Ethical reflections will develop attitudes and values such as humility, tolerance, understanding, respect and openness towards others. Studentswill be encouraged to examine their own views in the light of the traditional approaches. Although students are never required to agree with any position expressed in this class, they are required to demonstrate a sufficient understanding of the ideas presented in subject contents
- HISTORY OF MEDICINE (objectives) Aim of the course is to provide to students knowledge on historical development of Medicine, within the more general context of the history of science, and from the viewpoint of history of ideas and concepts. - Refolo Pietro (syllabus) Patient-physician relationship; Medical geography; Medicine of Ancient Greece; Hellenistic-Roman Medicine; Pythagoras; Alcmaeon; Hippocrates; Rational medicine; Theory of humors; Aristotle; Empirical School of Alexandria; Methodical School of Alexandria; Galen; Schola Medica Salernitana; Dissection; Andreas Vesalius; Scientific Revolution; William Harvey; Ignaz Semmelweis; Edward Jenner; Vaccine; Alexander Fleming (reference books) Porter R. Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.	2	MED/02	20	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
- APPLIED ECONOMICS (objectives) The main learning objective is the knowledge of the principal characteristics and determinants of the markets functionings. Particular focus will be devoted to the study of the healthcare sector. Students are expected to learn how an economic analysis can be used to design and implement healthcare services Finally, students will learn the use of economic analysis and cost -benefit approach to evaluate public policies with particular focus to health technologies and the evaluation of new health professional roles. - Ruggeri Matteo (syllabus) • Pareto-efficiency and market failures: asymmetric information, externalities, moral hazard and adverse selection • The economic analysis of healthcare • Cost effectiveness, cost utility and cost benefit analyses (reference books) Wondeling, Gruen, Black. Introduction to health economics. Understanding Public Health. 1st edition. Additional materials ( Power point slides) will be provided alongside classes.	2	SECS-P/06	20	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	ENG
- MORAL PHILOSOPHY (objectives) The Subject introduces several main themes of Moral philosophy linking them to Moral thinking and Moral decision making in a systematic and existencial dimension. Medicine, as all other health professions, is not completely reducible to science. Even if it is built on repeated and wide observation of sensitive phenomena, and even if it tries to elaborate theories that explain them, as the Austrian philosopher Seifert points out, medicine is not a pure science, because it has a practical purpose. Nor is it a mere empirical science, because it presupposes a philosophical foundation as much as the other sciences. Actually, medicine, and all the medical sciences, requires a philosophical foundation much more than other sciences since their object is the human being. Indeed, for the most part, the human being in the condition of suffering and in need of help. As Josef Seifert claims, to understand itself, medicine has to find the answer to the question: who is the man? And science is not enough to find this answer, since the idea of “human being” incorporates in itself a number of concepts: we need to both refer to the anthropological background and open to ethical questions. So physicians will be not only required a thorough scientific knowledge, but also a broader knowledge of the constant bonds with philosophical and ethical. In fact, as pointed out in some recent publications by the University of Stanford framing “… the core moral challenge of public health as balancing individual liberties with the advancement of good health outcomes. drinking water or compel people with active, infectious tuberculosis to be treated ... ". The subject is oriented to the formation of human beings like our students, through philosophical and moral reflection and moral reasoning ability: student will develop attitudes and values such as humility, tolerance, understanding, respect and openness towards others. Students are encouraged to examine their own views in the light of the traditional approaches. Although students are never required to agree with any position expressed in this class, they are required to demonstrate a sufficient understanding of the ideas presented in subject contents - Boccanelli Alessandro (syllabus) 1. presentation and introduction 2. moral systems 3. moral philosophy’s methodology 4. moral sense and moral law 5. Emptying and reduction of the moral questions 6. the scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science 7. awareness of the ethical dimension of medicine and health professions 8. empathy 9. narrative medicine in digital age 10. the relationship between science and ethics 11. ethical Committees at different levels 12. the relevant elements for the treatment of the patient, in addition to the physiological ones: economic, anthropological, social, ethical and relational 13. transcultural Medicine 14. Health and Ethics and Social Media 15. relationship between Human Rights and Health 16. listening to the patient and ethics of communication. 17. Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Millenium Development Goals 18. Ethics of health: tensions between collective benefits and individual freedom. 19. Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: Health diplomacy and Ethics 20. Ethics, Health and International Cooperation The course will also deal with the theme of Health Diplomacy, very topical and interdisciplinary between Ethics and Medicine, and show how it could represent a new frontier both as a tool for a new international diplomatic intervention and as a peaceful resolution of disputes on a local and global scale. (reference books) MORAL PHYLOSOPHY Sertillange, A.D., La vie intellectuelle. Son esprit, ses conditions, ses méthodes, Editorial Desclées, Paris 1934. Guitton, J., Le travail intellectuel. Conseils á ceux qui étudient et a ceux qui écrivent, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1951. Guitton, J., Nouvel art de penser, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1946. Gratry, A., Les sources, Téqui Publishing House, Paris 1926. Ezio Di Nucci Ethics in Healthcare: A Philosophical Introduction Vicki Lachman PhD MBE APRN Ethical Challenges in Health Care: Developing Your Moral Compass Rosalind Ekman Ladd, Lynn Pasquerella , Smith Sher iEthical Issues in Home Health Care 1st Edition Craig M. Klugman, Pamela M. Dalinis Ethical Issues in Rural Health Care 1st Edition by Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020). E. Levinas, P. Nemo, Ethics and Infinity, trans. Richard A. Cohen, Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh 1985. E. Levinas, Time and the Other, trans. Richard A. Cohen, Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh 1987 (handouts will be provided for this title) B. Casper, Emmanuel Levinas. La scoperta dell’umanità nell’inferno dello Stalag 1492 (Emmanuel Levinas. The discovery of humanity in the hell of Stalag 1492) intro. and edited by F. Nodari, Mimesis, Milan 2019. Optional: E. Levinas, B. Casper, In ostaggio per l’altro (Hostage for the Other), Ets, Pisa 2012. All of the other readings will be articles or extracts from books, available on the subject Notes Other texts can be used. - Pacifici Noja Laura Elena (syllabus) • presentation and introduction • moral systems • moral philosophy’s methodology • moral sense and moral law • Emptying and reduction of the moral questions • the scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science • awareness of the ethical dimension of medicine and health professions • empathy • narrative medicine in digital age • the relationship between science and ethics • ethical Committees at different levels • the relevant elements for the treatment of the patient, in addition to the physiological ones: economic, anthropological, social, ethical and relational • transcultural Medicine • Health and Ethics and Social Media • relationship between Human Rights and Health • listening to the patient and ethics of communication. • Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Millenium Development Goals • Ethics of health: tensions between collective benefits and individual freedom. • Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: Health diplomacy and Ethics • Ethics, Health and International Cooperation • • The course will also deal with the theme of Health Diplomacy, very topical and interdisciplinary between Ethics and Medicine, and show how it could represent a new frontier both as a tool for a new international diplomatic intervention and as a peaceful resolution of disputes on a local and global scale. (reference books) Sertillange, A.D., La vie intellectuelle. Son esprit, ses conditions, ses méthodes, Editorial Desclées, Paris 1934. Guitton, J., Le travail intellectuel. Conseils á ceux qui étudient et a ceux qui écrivent, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1951. Guitton, J., Nouvel art de penser, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1946. Gratry, A., Les sources, Téqui Publishing House, Paris 1926. Ezio Di Nucci Ethics in Healthcare: A Philosophical Introduction Vicki Lachman PhD MBE APRN Ethical Challenges in Health Care: Developing Your Moral Compass Rosalind Ekman Ladd, Lynn Pasquerella , Smith Sher iEthical Issues in Home Health Care 1st Edition Craig M. Klugman, Pamela M. Dalinis Ethical Issues in Rural Health Care 1st Edition by Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020). E. Levinas, P. Nemo, Ethics and Infinity, trans. Richard A. Cohen, Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh 1985. E. Levinas, Time and the Other, trans. Richard A. Cohen, Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh 1987 (handouts will be provided for this title) B. Casper, Emmanuel Levinas. La scoperta dell’umanità nell’inferno dello Stalag 1492 (Emmanuel Levinas. The discovery of humanity in the hell of Stalag 1492) intro. and edited by F. Nodari, Mimesis, Milan 2019. Optional: E. Levinas, B. Casper, In ostaggio per l’altro (Hostage for the Other), Ets, Pisa 2012. All of the other readings will be articles or extracts from books, available on the subject Notes Other texts can be used. - IODICE FABIO (syllabus) • presentation and introduction • moral systems • moral philosophy’s methodology • moral sense and moral law • Emptying and reduction of the moral questions • the scientific basis that characterizes the medical intervention and defines medicine as a science • awareness of the ethical dimension of medicine and health professions • empathy • narrative medicine in digital age • the relationship between science and ethics • ethical Committees at different levels • the relevant elements for the treatment of the patient, in addition to the physiological ones: economic, anthropological, social, ethical and relational • transcultural Medicine • Health and Ethics and Social Media • relationship between Human Rights and Health • listening to the patient and ethics of communication. • Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Millenium Development Goals • Ethics of health: tensions between collective benefits and individual freedom. • Global health and new challenges in a globalized world: Health diplomacy and Ethics • Ethics, Health and International Cooperation • • The course will also deal with the theme of Health Diplomacy, very topical and interdisciplinary between Ethics and Medicine, and show how it could represent a new frontier both as a tool for a new international diplomatic intervention and as a peaceful resolution of disputes on a local and global scale. (reference books) Sertillange, A.D., La vie intellectuelle. Son esprit, ses conditions, ses méthodes, Editorial Desclées, Paris 1934. Guitton, J., Le travail intellectuel. Conseils á ceux qui étudient et a ceux qui écrivent, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1951. Guitton, J., Nouvel art de penser, Editorial Aubier, Paris 1946. Gratry, A., Les sources, Téqui Publishing House, Paris 1926.Ezio Di Nucci Ethics in Healthcare: A Philosophical Introduction Vicki Lachman PhD MBE APRN Ethical Challenges in Health Care: Developing Your Moral Compass Rosalind Ekman Ladd, Lynn Pasquerella , Smith Sher iEthical Issues in Home Health Care 1st Edition Craig M. Klugman, Pamela M. Dalinis Ethical Issues in Rural Health Care 1st Edition by Fabio IODICE, Notes of Moral Philosophy and Fundamentals of Ethics, First edition (Rome, 2020).	6	M-FIL/03	60	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	ENG
90281 - Clinical practice (objectives) Knowing the basic rules of hygiene and health education and understanding the role and dynamics of interaction and communication within the multidisciplinary team, with patients and family members. Knowing and detecting vital signs. Knowing the regulations inherent to biological risk and the proper use of PPE. Learning the basics of optical microscopy. - Palombo Antonella	5		-	-	-	-	Other activities	ENG

SECOND YEAR

First semester

Course

Credits

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Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

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90232 - Biochemistry (objectives)

- BIOCHEMISTRY (objectives)

- Lazzarino Giacomo (syllabus)

Recalls of inorganic and organic chemistry –Chemical bonds. Carbohydrates – structure and function. Lipids – structure and function. Nucleotides, Purines and pyrimidines – structure and function. Amino acids – structure and function. Peptide bond and its characteristics. Peptides of biological relevance. Proteins – structure and function. Classification. Primary structure. Secondary structures: alfa-helix, beta-strand, collagen helix. Tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Relationship between primary structure and conformation. Denaturation and renaturation. Protein folding. Protein misfolding and related pathologies – β-amyloid, Alzheimer’s disease. Fibrous proteins. Globular proteins. Hemoproteins involved in the transport of gases (O2, CO2). The heme group. Tridimensional structures of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Mechanism of oxygen binding to myoglobin and hemoglobin. Oxygen affinity. Saturation curves, Bohr effect, cooperativity, Hill plot, homotropic and heterotropic interactions. The effect of 2,3-DPG. The Monod-Wyman and Changeux (MWC) model and the sequential model. T and R states. Heterogeneity of circulating hemoglobin. Methemoglobin reductase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and NADPH for the maintenance of hemoglobin functions. Deficit of G-6-PDH, oxidation of hemoglobin, malaria. Hemoglobinopathies. Enzymes – Classification. Coenzymes and vitamins. Avitaminosis and related pathologies. Enzymatic catalysis and regulation. The Michaelis-Menten equation. Km, Vmax, turnover number, Kcat/Km. Reversible and irreversible inhibition. Multimeric enzymes and allosteric regulation. Multi-enzymatic complexes. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Isoenzymes. Introduction to metabolism – general organization. Understanding pathways and metabolic maps. Catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetic. Energetically relevant molecules. Use of biochemical energy within the cell. Examples of regulation of metabolic sequences. Glucose as the fuel for energy production. The glucose transporter family – GLUT. Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. The biochemical reactions of glycolysis – Regulation of glycolysis. Glycolysis and cancer diagnosis – PET – Warburg effect. Reactions of the pentose phosphate shunt and its biochemical importance. Degradation of glycogen – glycogen phosphorylase and its hormonal control. Gluconeogenesis and other carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways. Lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. Anaerobic metabolism. Mechanism of pyruvate oxidation – the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Reactions of the citric acid cycle – Regulation of the cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation – The mitochondrion as the energetic plant of the cell. The scale of redox potential of biologically relevant molecules. The machinery for the electron transport: structure and function of the complexes I, II, III and IV. The sulphur-iron centers. The Q-cycle in the complex III. The electrochemical potential in electron transport. Oxygen utilization. The ATP synthase: structure and mechanism of action. The stoichiometry of electron transport, proton transport, oxygen consumption and ATP production. Brief introduction to mitochondrial dysfunction – the Mitochondrial Quality Control network in the control of mitochondrial dynamics (fusion, fission and mitophagy); mitochondria as generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. ROS, oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition. Absorption and transport of dietary lipids. Activation of lipolysis and transport of free fatty acids. Activation and transport of free fatty acids in mitochondria. The role of carnitine. The beta-oxidation reactions. Ketogenesis. Synthesis of fatty acids – Regulation of fatty acids metabolism. The biosynthesis of phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism Transamination and transdeamination of amino acids. Selected examples of amino acid bio-transformations: production of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline from tyrosine; arginine as the source of nitric oxide. The urea cycle. Degradation of nucleotides. Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines and related pathologies –Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Adenosine deaminase deficiency. Degradation of heme: structure and function of biliary salts. Bioenergetics and regulation of fuel metabolism – energy metabolism disorders.

(reference books)

- Tavazzi Barbara (syllabus)

(reference books)

BIO/10

Basic compulsory activities

ENG

- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (objectives)

- Capobianchi Maria Rosaria (syllabus) (reference books)

BIO/11

Basic compulsory activities

BIO/11

Attività formative affini ed integrative

ENG

90221 - Physiology I (objectives)

The course includes the acquisition by the student of knowledge of the operating principles of the organs that compose the human body, their dynamic integration into apparatus and the understanding of the general mechanisms of homeostatic function control and their variations following physical activity. The course also includes the ability to independently apply the knowledge of organ and system functioning mechanisms to potential functional alteration situations.
Expected learning outcomes
1. Kknowledge and Understanding
To know and understand the physiological principles that govern the function of the organism's systems. To demonstrate the knowledge of cellular and organ functions and to acquire the ability to integrate the physiology from the cellular and molecular level to the organ and apparatus systems. To describe the molecular and functional aspects of each organ in humans, necessary for the homeostasis maintenance. To know the adaptations of the vital functions of the human body in response to the practices of physical activity. To evaluate the consequences of alterations at the cellular and organ level in the overall functioning of the human body.
2. Applying Knowledge and Understanding
To autonomously apply the knowledge of the organ and system functioning mechanisms to situations of potential functional alteration relating to the specific field to which the student will dedicate himself in the professional activity.

3. Making Judgements
To recognize the importance of a thorough knowledge of the topics covered for an adequate medical education. To identify the fundamental role of the correct theoretical knowledge of the subject in clinical practice.

4. Communication Skills
To orally present the topics in an organized and coherent way, using an adequate scientific terminology and compliant with the topic of the discussion.

5. Learning Ability
To identify the possible applications of the skills acquired in the future career and to have communication skills to convey what has been learned.

- PHYSIOLOGY (objectives)

- Frank Claudio (syllabus)

Cellular and Muscle Physiology and of the Cardiocirculatory System.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.
Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medullary. Modification of neuronal circuits induced by the experience. Shelter and regeneration mechanisms.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Acid-base physiology. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

(reference books)

- D'Arcangelo Giovanna (syllabus)

Cellular and Muscle Physiology and of the Cardiocirculatory System.
Homeostatic mechanisms and control systems. Exchanges across the cell membrane. Active and passive membrane processes. Osmosis. Cell membrane potential and equilibrium potential. Electrical properties of the cell membrane. Propagation of the electrical signal along an excitable fiber. Voltage-dependent ion channels of Na +, K + and Ca2 +. The action potential. Refractoriness of excitable membranes. Propagation of electrical signals and action potential. Electric and chemical synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials. Neurotransmitters and their receptors. Signal transduction. Intracellular signals. Synaptic integration. The neuromuscular synapse. Examples of diseases related to alterations in nervous communication. Muscle physiology. Structure of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle. Theory of the myofilament sliding. Cycle of cross bridges and development of force. Excitation-contraction coupling. The simple and tetanic twitch. Isometric and isotonic contraction. Voltage-length and speed-load curve. Muscle power. Energy sources of contraction. Muscular fatigue. Motor unit. Smooth muscle. Regulation and control of smooth muscle contraction. The heart muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling of the heart muscle. Mechanical and electrical activity of the heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle: pressure, volumetric and electrical aspects. The electrocardiogram. Cardiac output. Frank-Starling law. Arterial pressure, its regulation and measurement. Principles of hemodynamics. Relationship between resistance to flow, pressure, volume and viscosity of the blood. Capillaries and microcirculation. Starling's forces. The venous return. Blood circulation control. Circulation in special regions. Lymphatic circulation.

Physiology of the Nervous System.
Organization of the nervous system. Sensory receptors. Somatic sensitivities: tactile and proprioceptive sensitivity. Pain. Motor functions of the spinal cord: spinal reflexes. Control of motor function by the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. Basal nuclei and motor control. Cerebellum and motor control. Cerebral cortex and intellectual functions: language, memory and learning. Sleep-wake rhythm. Functions of the limbic and hypothalamus system. Autonomous nervous system and adrenal medullary. Modification of neuronal circuits induced by the experience. Shelter and regeneration mechanisms.

Physiology of the Respiratory System.
Organization of the respiratory system. Lung ventilation. Pulmonary circulation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood and body fluids. Ventilation and perfusion of the lungs. Breathing regulation. Acid-base physiology. Adaptations of the respiratory system to physical exercise.

(reference books)

- Zona Cristina (syllabus) (reference books)

BIO/09

Basic compulsory activities

ENG

- METHODS AND DIDACTIC APPROACHES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES (objectives)

- Palmieri Mattia (syllabus) (reference books)

M-EDF/01

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90288 - Microbiology (objectives)

- Bacteriology (objectives)

- Pica Francesca (syllabus) (reference books)

- Di Caro Antonino (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/07

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Virology (objectives)

- Armenia Daniele (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/07

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Parasitology (objectives)

- Di Cave David (syllabus) (reference books)

VET/06

Core compulsory activities

ENG

Second semester

Course

Credits

Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code

Contact Hours

Exercise Hours

Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

Language

90233 - Physiology II (objectives)

The course aims to provide the knowledge of the fundamental physiological mechanisms of human functions. The course includes the acquisition of knowledge on the operating principles of the organs that compose the human body, and their dynamic integration into apparatus. The course will allow to acquire the ability to independently apply the knowledge of organ and system functioning mechanisms to situations of potential functional alteration. Students will also need to know the main indicators and normal parameters of human physiological functions, and the related measurement methods. These objectives will be achieved through lectures, seminars and interactive teaching activities, aimed at facilitating learning and improving the ability to solve simple physiological problems.
Expected learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and Understanding
Conceptual and methodological tools will be offered for starting up the study of human physiology, through the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of the physiological principles that govern the function of the organism's systems. To demonstrate the knowledge of organ functions and to acquire the ability for integrating physiology from the cellular and molecular level to the organ and apparatus systems. To know the adaptations of the vital functions of the human body in response to the practices of physical activity. Evaluate the consequences of alterations at organ level in the overall functioning of the human body.
2. Applying Knowledge and Understanding
To autonomously apply the knowledge of the organ and system functioning mechanisms to situations of potential functional alteration relating to the specific field to which the student will dedicate himself in the professional activity.

3. Making Judgements
At the end of the course the student will have acquired knowledge that will enable him/her to describe the mechanisms underlying the functions dealt with and to assess independently different opinions on problematic aspects of Human Physiology. To recognize the importance of a thorough knowledge of the topics covered for an adequate medical education. To identify the fundamental role of the correct theoretical knowledge of the subject in clinical practice.

4. Communication Skills
To orally present the topics in an organized and coherent way, using an adequate scientific terminology and compliant with the topic of the discussion.

5. Learning Ability
To identify the possible applications of the skills acquired for the future career and to have communication skills for conveying the learned knowledge.

- PHYSIOLOGY (objectives)

- D'Arcangelo Giovanna (syllabus) (reference books)

- Pellicciari Maria Concetta (syllabus) (reference books)

- Podda Maria Vittoria (syllabus) (reference books)

- Pallone Gabriele (syllabus) (reference books)

BIO/09

Basic compulsory activities

BIO/09

Attività formative affini ed integrative

ENG

- METHODS AND DIDACTIC APPROACHES OF SPORTS ACTIVITIES (objectives)

- MALAGONI ANNAMARIA (syllabus) (reference books)

M-EDF/02

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90235 - Immunology and immunopathology (objectives)

The student must learn the general characteristics of antigens, antibodies, cytokines; cells, tissues and organs of the immune system; the mechanisms of regulation of central and peripheral tolerance; the components and molecular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, the student must learn the main immune mechanisms of pathogenetic relevance, in particular: the hypersensitivity reactions, the immunodeficiencies, the autoimmune disorders, transplantation and tumor immunology. These objectives will be achieved through lectures designed to facilitate learning and improve the ability to address and resolve the main questions of immunology and immunopathology.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have to recognize and autonomously understand the basic concepts of immunology, the molecular mechanisms of the activation of the immune response and the main immune mechanisms of pathogenetic relevance.

Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will be able to use the acquired knowledge for an in-depth study of aspects relating to the specific field in which the student will devote himself to his professional activity. The student must be able to apply his/her knowledge to analyze and understand the alterations of the cellular, immunological and genetic mechanisms underlying the human pathologies.
Communication skills
At the end of the course, the student must be able to use specific scientific terminology appropriately. The student must be able to communicate information, ideas, problems and solutions to expert and others interlocutors, in relation to the molecular mechanisms of the activation of the immune response and to the main immune mechanisms of pathogenetic relevance.
Making judgements
At the end of the course the student must be able to make general assessments related to the topics covered. The student must be able to use the acquired knowledge to identify and explain the molecular, immunological and pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to a disease.

- Rufini Alessandra (syllabus) (reference books)

- Benvenuto Monica (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/04

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90234 - Human anatomy II (objectives)

It is a fundamental objective of the course to provide the student in Medicine and Surgery with morpho-functional information on the structure of internal organs (Splancnology) and of the Human Nervous System, essential to the practice of basic medicine. Besides the study of the essential morphological characteristics of these systems, the functional correlates at cellular and sub-cellular level must therefore be clarified. The student will have to learn the contents of Splancnology and Neuroanatomy, necessary to face the patient's examination, and to understand symptomatological aspects and their evolution in pathological degeneration.
The student will also have to acquire the knowledge of how the structural organization of the various apparatuses is realized during the course of embryonic development.
The subject will be treated with a systematic and descriptive approach, allowing the student to acquire the anatomical language and to know the multiple elements constituting these parts of the human body in functionally homogeneous apparatuses. The morpho-functional integration between the different apparatuses, and the structural relationships that are realized between them in localized areas of the human body, relevant from the clinical point of view, will instead be treated according to a topographic perspective, also giving notions of radiological anatomy.
Knowledge and understanding

Provide a detailed description of the topography and structural organization of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the structure of neurons and glia cells and the main properties of the cytoarchitecture of the brain and spinal cord.
Provide a detailed description of the topography and structural organization of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems.
Understand the functional anatomy of sensory and motor processing and of higher brain functions such as language and emotions.
Understand the importance of the position of organs and their relationship with adjacent structures.
Present an overview of the main mechanism of organogenesis and the consequences of specific alterations.
Be able to integrate knowledge from the cellular and molecular level to the organ system organization level.

Applying knowledge and understanding
Apply the theoretic knowledge to the clinical setting, being able to recognize the general diagnostic aspects of the nervous system diseases. To obtain a basic understanding of the techniques used to investigate morphology and connections of neurons to provide the basis for further research into the nervous system. Approach to the main functional diagnostic tests used to assess the activities of the nervous system and learn how to differentiate the physiological and pathological results.
Making judgements
Recognize the importance of an in-depth knowledge of the topics consistent with a proper medical education. Identify the fundamental role of a proper theoretic knowledge of the subject in the clinical practice.
Communication skills
Present topics orally in an organized and consistent manner. Use of a proper scientific language and adequate to the subject of the discussion.
Learning skills
Identify the possible use of the acknowledged skills in the future career. Assess the importance of the acquired knowledge in the overall medical education process.

- Sciamanna Giuseppe (syllabus)

SPLANCNOLOGY AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Respiratory system: trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. The mediastinum (program partially completed in Anatomy I).
Peritoneal cavity: omental bursa, mesenteri, peritoneal recesses.
Digestive system: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal. Abdomino-pelvic musculature and inguinal canal Liver and pancreas.
Urinary system: kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. Male and female genital system.
Endocrine system: Hypophysis, epiphyses, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gonads, chromaffin system.

NEUROANATOMY. Microscopic structures underlying the functioning of the nervous system: sensory receptors (proprioceptors and exteroceptors), neurons, glia, myelin, synapses.
General organization of the pathways of conscious and unconscious sensitivity and motor pathways.
Spinal cord: gray and white substance of the spinal cord, reflex arcs.
Brain stem: medulla oblungata, pons, midbrain, peduncles, grey matter nuclei, connections with other districts of the SNC.
Cerebellum: microscopic structure, afferent and efferent pathways.
Diencephalon: thalamus, epitalamus, subthalamus, meta-thalamus; the reticular bulb-diencephalic formation; the hypothalamus.
Telencephalon,: Basal Nuclei, the cerebral hemispheres, the cortical areas and the intra- and interhemispheric association systems; histological structure of the cerebral cortex; the limbic lobe and the hippocampus.
Functional systems: the pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways, the pathways of epicritic and protopathic sensitivity.Cranial nerve nuclei and their functional specialization. General organization of nerve plexuses.
Meninges and liquor system: organization of the meninges in the various regions of the SNC; descriptive anatomy of the ventricular system, formation, circulation and reabsorption of CSF. Vascularization of the central nervous system: arterial network and venous sinus system.
Autonomic nervous system: general organization of the vegetative nervous system; parasympathetic and orthosympathetic.
Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Plexus organization and regional innervation study.
Sense organs: anatomy, histology and nerve pathways of the eye, ear, smell and taste

(reference books)

BIO/16

Basic compulsory activities

BIO/16

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90289 - Electives (objectives)

- Vahrenwald Arnold

Elective activities

ENG

90252 - General pathology (objectives)

The learning objectives of the Course in GENERAL PATHOLOGY are to enable the student to understand the molecular mechanisms of cell damage, the response of the cell and the organism to damage, the molecular basis of the neoplastic transformation, and the causes of human diseases, interpreting the fundamental pathogenetic mechanisms. In addition, the objectives of the course are the understanding of basic laboratory techniques; cellular isolation methods; standard molecular biology techniques; correct and efficient storage of biological samples; how to apply diagnostic technologies needed to help the assessment of the diagnosis and prognosis of patient.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student must know and understand autonomously the molecular mechanisms of cellular damage, cell (cellular stress, necrosis, apoptosis) and organism response to damage, the molecular basis of the neoplastic transformation, the activation of the immune response and the pathogenetic mechanisms of the most important human diseases.
In addition, the student has to know:
• to manipulate, amplify and store bacterial cells
• to manipulate, amplify and store eukaryotic cells
• to evaluate the human karyotype using conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods
• to understand the flow cytometry data in the haematology field
• to isolate nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins
• to qualitatively and quantitatively amplify nucleic acids
• to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic role of gene mutations in oncology
• to understand the data achieved from the use of both old and new generation sequencing
Applying knowledge and understanding
The student must be able to apply his/her knowledge to analyze and understand the alterations of the cellular, immunological and genetic mechanisms underlying the human pathologies. In addition, the student will be able to use the knowledge acquired for the in-depth study of aspects relating to the specific field to which the student will dedicate himself in the professional activity.
Communication skills
The student must be able to communicate information, ideas, problems and solutions to interlocutors, both specialists and non-specialists, in relation to the molecular mechanisms of cellular damage, neoplastic transformation, and to the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases. In addition, the student will be able to use the specific scientific terminology.
Making judgements
The student must be able to use the acquired knowledge to identify and explain the molecular, immunological and pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to a disease. The acquisition of autonomy of judgment will be acquired through the analysis of examples of damage and human pathologies.
Learning skills
The student will have to understand the mechanisms and effects of cellular damage, the mechanisms underlying the process of carcinogenesis and have memorized the knowledge that will allow understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases. These skills will be developed favoring a critical discussion of the topics.

- LABORATORY MEDICINE TECHNICAL SCIENCES (objectives)

- Fabiani Emiliano (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/46

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- GENERAL PATHOLOGY (objectives)

- Bei Roberto (syllabus)

Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained • angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.

(reference books)

- Goletti Delia (syllabus)

Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.

(reference books)

- D'Orazi Gabriella (syllabus)

Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.

(reference books)

MED/04

Core compulsory activities

ENG

THIRD YEAR

First semester

Course

Credits

Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code

Contact Hours

Exercise Hours

Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

Language

90255 - Systematic pathology I (objectives)

- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES (objectives)

- Coppola Angelo (syllabus)

1 Introduction to pathologies of the respiratory system. Special anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, clinical semeiotics of the main symptoms and signs of respiratory diseases: cough, dyspnoea, haemophtoe and chest pain, rales, wheezing, cyanosis, digital hippocratism. Other non-specific symptoms and signs associated with respiratory disease
2 Techniques and basic principles of interpretation of laboratory tests and respiratory physiopathology, respiratory function tests, arterial blood gas analysis and oximetry; walk test; polygraphic monitoring during sleep, clinical semiotics of the main symptoms and signs of respiratory diseases: cough, dyspnoea, haemophtoe and chest pain, rales, wheezing, cyanosis, digital hippocratism. Other non-specific symptoms and signs associated with respiratory disease
3 Respiratory infectious diseases: community acquired (CAP) and nosocomial (HAP) pneumonia, pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, aspiration pneumonia (ad ingestis), lung abscess. Definition, Epidemiology, Main Pathogens, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Pathological Anatomy, Clinical and Instrumental Diagnosis, Natural History, Complications and Therapy
4 Pulmonary tuberculosis. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
5 Lung Cancer: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
6 Acute and chronic respiratory failure. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy. Oxygen therapy and non-invasive mechanical ventilation: basic principles, indications, side effects.
7 Pulmonary embolism, pulmonary arterial hypertension and other pathologies of the pulmonary circulation: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
8 Diffuse infiltrative lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis and other pulmonary interstitial diseases; definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
9 Bronchial asthma and respiratory immunoallergic diseases: definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
10 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy
11 Pleural Pathology: pleurisy and pleural effusions; pneumothorax; mesothelioma. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy. Thoracentesis and management of pleurostomy.
12 Bronchiectasis. Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy.
13 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathological anatomy, clinical and instrumental diagnosis, natural history, complications and therapy.

(reference books)

- Rogliani Paola (syllabus)

(reference books)

MED/10

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISEASES (objectives)

- Prati Francesco (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/11

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- CHEST SURGERY (objectives)

- Lirici Marco Maria (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/21

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- VASCULAR SURGERY (objectives)

- Martelli Eugenio (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/22

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- HEART SURGERY (objectives)

- De Paulis Ruggero (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/23

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90291 - Laboratory medicine (objectives)

- Clinical biochemistry and clinical molecular biochemistry (objectives)

- Barbato Gaetano (syllabus)

Clinical biochemistry and clinical molecular biochemistry
Definition, limits and scope of Laboratory Medicine; Classification of Disciplines within Laboratory Medicine. General organization of the Laborator. Rational behind laboratory test choice; strategy
in requesting laboratory test (screening test, individual test, organ profiling, diagnostic protocols, therapy monitoring etc.).
Statistics
Basic statistics recall: Frequency distribution; Population and representative sample; Probability and Probability distribution; Population dispersion and Standard Deviation
Variation
Sources of Variation; impact of pre-analytical phase on variability: sample collection and transportation; impact of analytical on variability; analytical performance and indicators. Hierarchy of analytical methods; Errors.
Impact of biological variation: nature of B. variation; reference values selection and use; cut-off.
Use of the laboratory data: clinical performance of tests; clinical sensitivity, clinical specificity, Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves; Predictive value;
Introduction to Quality Systems; accreditation and certification; Control of the analysis product.
Use of Diagnostic Biomarkers dosage:
Enzymatic Biomarkers : Enzyme’s role in clinical diagnosis. Enzyme quantification in clinical chemistry; Early markers and late markers. Enzymatic dosing methodologies: Continuous and discrete measure dosing. Substrate, Product and co-factors dosing.
Diagnostic dosing “Case Studies” in the Clinical Laboratory practice as organ markers: Creatin Kinase (CK), Lactic DeHydrogenase (LDH), Transaminases (ALT, AST), -Glutamyltransferase (-GGT), Alkaline (ALP) and Acidic (ACP) Phosphatases, Amylase, Lipase.
Electrolytes and Blood Gases: Colligative properties; Water Homeostasis; Specimens for Electrolyte determination; Sodium; Potassium; Chloride; Bicarbonate; Methods for determination; Electrolyte exclusion effect; Osmotic Pressure; Osmolality; determination of Plasma and Urine Osmolality; Blood gases and pH; Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in gas measurements; oxygen in blood; hemoglobin saturation/dissociation; determination of pCO2, pO2 and pH.
Electrolites and water composition of body fluids; extracellular and intracellular compartments; acid-base balance and status; buffer systems and regulation of body fluids pH; respiratory and renal mechanisms in the regulation of acid-base balance; conditions associated with abnormal acid-base status or abnormal electrolyte composition of blood; Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis; respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.

(reference books)

BIO/12

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Clinical pathology (objectives)

- Verna Roberto (syllabus) (reference books)

- Barillari Giovanni (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/05

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Microbiology and clinical microbiology (objectives)

- Perno Carlo Federico (syllabus)

• Principles of medical microbiology and immunology
• Principles of diagnostic microbiology
◦ Tests used
◦ Appropriate biological samples
◦ How to get and store biological samples
◦ Interpretation of microbiological results
• Elements of Diagnostic Microbiology: Direct and indirect tests, Microbial isolation, selection of the appropriate biological samples, antibiogram (Principles, purposes and interpretation)
• Elements of Diagnostic Virology: Direct and indirect tests, Viral isolation, Selection of the biological samples and their preservation and storage
• Elements of the diagnostic Mycology, biological isolation, selection of the biological samples; modern molecular and antigenic tests
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Nervous System; Characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Gastrointestinal System. Food-related infections. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Urinary Tract. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Systemic infections: How to use and interpret the Haemoculture. Infections of the cardio-vascular apparatus
• Main etiological agents of the infections of the Genital Tract. Infections during pregnancy. Samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Sexually transmitted diseases. Main etiological agents, samples to be used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Diagnosis of HIV and viral hepatitis
• Hospital infections: Main etiological agents and their modern diagnosis. Microbiological control of the hospital infections.
• Infections in the immunocompromised host; Etiological agents, Modern diagnosis, Samples used, how to get them, storage, interpretation of the results
• Microbiota: Structure, clinical relevance, diagnostic methodologies
• General information about the rapid diagnosis of malaria

(reference books)

MED/07

Core compulsory activities

MED/07

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Clinical parasitology (objectives)

- Di Cave David (syllabus) (reference books)

VET/06

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Rheumatology (objectives)

- Priori Roberta (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/16

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90315 - Clinical semeiotics (objectives)

- General surgery (objectives)

- LOmbardi Celestino Pio (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/18

Core compulsory activities

MED/18

Core compulsory activities

ENG

- Internal medicine (objectives)

- Ricevuti Giovanni (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/09

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90300 - Electives

- Prati Francesco

Elective activities

ENG

Second semester

Course

Credits

Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code

Contact Hours

Exercise Hours

Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

Language

90258 - Pharmacology (objectives)

- Faraoni Isabella (syllabus) (reference books)

- Ceci Claudia (syllabus) (reference books)

BIO/14

Core compulsory activities

BIO/14

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90259 - General Hygiene (objectives)

- Palombi Leonardo (syllabus)

Epidemiology
• Epidemiology: Definition and historical background; from Aristoteles to the modern idea of causality; risk factors; exposure and association; Badford Hill criteria.
• Demography fundamentals: demographic transition; ageing; demographic trends and health determinants; new perspectives in health definitions; ICD and ICDHI; multidimension and the doctor-patient relationship
• Health statistics fundamentals: measures of central tendency; frequency distribution; measures of statistical dispersion; fundamentals of probability; fundamentals of a sample size calculation
• Determinants of health: nutrition, income, education; incidence and prevalence; confounding factors and standardized rates; random and systematic bias.
• Epidemiological investigation: case-control studies; cohort studies; randomized controlled trials; Odds Ratio, relative risk, attributable risk and etiologic fraction.
• Screening: definition; system, disease and test requirements; sensibility and specificity, negative and positive predictive value; applications

Hygiene
• General and applied hygiene: definition of health and disease: definition of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention; Health promotion;
• Hygiene of the physical environment: air, water, soil, climate, ionizing radiation;
• Hygiene of the biological environment: microorganisms, foods;
• Hygiene of the the social environment: urbanization, housing;
• Hygiene of the patient and hospital hygiene: asepsis, antisepsis, disinfection, disinfestation, sterilization, hospital waste, hospital infections, occupational risks;
• Prophylaxis of infectious diseases: notification, diagnostic assessment, isolation, vaccination and seroprophylaxis.

Organization and planning in health
• Organization of health systems: principles and aims of health organization; organization models of health service; levels of assistance; organization of the hospital; social and health integration; local services; health planning at national and regional level; international health planning.

Epidemiology: definition and purpose of epidemiology; notes on demography and health statistics; epidemiological methodology: rates, mortality and morbidity measures, prevalence and incidence, association measures; descriptive, analytical and investigative epidemiology, transversal, retrospective and prospective investigations; experimental and general epidemiology of infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases; global health and health determinants.

(reference books)

- Ciccacci Fausto (syllabus)

(reference books)

MED/42

Core compulsory activities

MED/42

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90260 - Anatomic pathology (objectives)

- Bonanno Elena (syllabus) (reference books)

- Fattore Santeusanio Giuseppe (syllabus) (reference books)

- Anemona Lucia (syllabus) (reference books)

- Mauriello Alessandro (syllabus) (reference books)

- Giacobbi Erica

- Servadei Francesca

- Alo' Piero Luigi (syllabus) (reference books)

MED/08

Core compulsory activities

MED/08

Core compulsory activities

MED/08

Core compulsory activities

ENG

90290 - Electives

- Delle Monache Sergio

Elective activities

ENG