Degree Course: Imaging and Radiotherapy techniques Syllabus for A.Y. 2018/2019

• General characteristics of living organisms (autotrophic and heterotrophic, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, unicellular and multicellular, eukaryotic and prokaryotic). Cell theory.
• chemical constituents of cells: water; hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules
• Structure and function of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
• Organization of the fundamental eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic. Viruses
• Cellular compartments and related functional specialization (core; ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum; the Golgi complex, lysosomes, cytoskeleton; vacuoles).
• Structure and general functions of cell membranes
• Diffusion, passive transport and active transport (channel protein, sodium-potassium pump, secondary active transport)
• From genotype to phenotype: DNA as genetic material, structure and function
• DNA transcription, RNA maturation.
• The genetic code: property (universality, non-ambiguity, continuity, redundancy or degeneracy) and reading mode.
• Protein biosynthesis.
• Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
• Cellular reproduction: cell cycle, DNA replication and mitosis.
• Regulation of the cell cycle, tumor suppressor, oncogenes
• Sexual reproduction: Meiosis

-Essential Cell Biology-Alberts-Fourth Edition-Garland Science/Taylor and Francis Group

Radiation
Definition and physical principles of Radiation and distinction between types of radiation (Non-Ionizing Radiation and Ionizing Radiation; main sources of natural and artificial radiation. Radioactivity and radioactive decay. Use of radiation in diagnostic imaging and therapy. Primary exposure factors, secondary exposure factors. Law of the Inverse of the Square of Distance

Radiobiology
Introduction to cell biology and cell proliferation mechanisms. Effects of radiation on DNA and mechanisms for repairing radio-induced damage. Chromosome aberrations. Inactivation of cellular proliferative capacity. Theories and models of cell survival. Apoptosis, mutations and neoplastic transformation by radiation. Genomic instability. Effects of radiation exposure of tissues, organs and the entire body.
Acute effects: radiosensitivity of tissues and organs. Panirradiation syndromes. Prenatal effects.
Long-term effects: stochastic and non-stochastic effects. Non-stochastic effects in tissues and organs. Stochastic effects: radiocancerogenesis in experimental animal systems and in human populations (epidemiological data for natural or artificial radiation sources), genetic effects.

Hall, Eric J.
Radiobiology for the radiologist / Eric J. Hall, Amato J. Giaccia.—7th ed.

A. Structure / function of biological molecules
Protein structure: amino acids; peptide bond; primary structure; secondary tertiary and quaternary.
Functions of proteins. Myoglobin and and moglobin.
Enzymes: characteristics and functioning; mechanisms of enzymatic inhibition.

B. Glucose catabolism
The anaerobic catabolic pathway: glycolysis and fermentation
The aerobic catabolic pathway: the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
The regulation: hormones and vitamins

C. Catabolism of fatty acids
Beta oxidation
Ketogenesis

- ”Biochemistry”, D. R. Ferrier Wolters Kluwer;

- “Lehningher principles of biochemistry”, D. L. Nelson, M.M. Cox (2017) W.H. Freeman & Co.

Introduction remarks. Periodic table of elements and inorganic nomenclature. Atom: atom models, atomic particles: proton, neutron, electron. Isotopes. Electrons and atom electronic configuration. The quantum-mechanical model of the atom. Quantum numbers and orbitals. Auf-bau. Chemical bonds.
Matter states. Gas: ideal gas law. Absolute temperature and its relation with mean molecular speed. Mixture of gases; Dalton law. Liquids: vapor pressure of a liquid. Solids: structural characteristics of covalent, ionic, molecular and metallic solids.
Solutions. Concentrations of solutions: dilution and mixing of solutions. Vapor pressure of a solution (Raoult law). Solubility of gases in liquids: Henry law.
Chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium in gaseous phase. Expression of equilibrium constant. Kp and Kc relationship. Equilibrium influencing factors. Homogeneus and hetherogeneus equilibrium.
Solutions of electrolytes. Strong and weak electrolytes: dissociation grade. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions. Van't Hoff binomial. Acid and bases following Arrhenius, Bronsted and Lowry definitions. Strong and weak acid and bases. pH in strong and weak acid and base solutions. Buffers. Acid-base titrations.
Heterogeneous systems. Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds. The solubility-product constant. The effect of a common ion.
Carbon atom hybridization. Hydrocarbons. Aromatic compounds. Benzene structure: resonance model. Aromatic compounds nomenclature.
Alcohols, phenols, thiols. Nomenclature. Thiols. Aldehydes and ketones. Nomenclature. Aldehydes and ketones preparation. Carbonylic group. Acetals and hemiacetals formationAldol condensation.
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Nomenclature. Carboxylic acid derivatives: esters, anhydrides, amides.
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Amino acids, Proteins and Vitamins. Principles of energetic metabolism.

Peter Atkins , Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight

Chemistry by M.S. Silderberg, McGraw-Hill International Edition.

Katherine J Denniston, Joseph J Topping and Robert L Caret. General, Organic & Biochemistry. 7th Ed. 2010. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Basic Genetics: Definitions of Key Terms, Polymorphisms and mutations; Blood groups Genetics
Principles of Genetic Transmission: Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid Crosses, Segregation of Two or More Genes, Segregation in Human Pedigrees
Monogenic Inheritance Models: Autosomal dominant inheritance, Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance (dominant and recessive), Y-linked inheritance
Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees
Chromosome: Structure and Analysis, Chromosome Pathologies.
Multifactorial diseases: an overview
Genetic tests and Counselling.

"Medical Genetics" by Jorde - Carey – Bamshad

Basic principles of microbiology
Morphology and structure of the bacterial cell
Structure of bacterial spores and sporulation process
Gram stain and staining for acid resistance
Metabolism, growth and bacterial replication
Sterilization, disinfection, asepsis
Morphology of viral particles
Cell tropism and host spectrum
Viral enzymes
Classification of viruses
Stages of viral replication
Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis
Demonstration of causal nature between pathogen and disease: Koch postulates
Normal microbial flora of our organism
"Host-microorganism" interactions: Commensalism -Mutualism - Parasitism
Factors that influence the "host -microrganism" balance
Mode of transmission of the infection
Stages of the infectious process
Factors of bacterial virulence
Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and of interaction with the host:
Transmission mode
Stages of the infectious process
Localized and disseminated infection
State of persistence and latency
Viral oncogenesis
Cytopathic effect induced by viruses
Expression of genes and / or cellular proteins

Title: The basics of Microbiology
Authors: Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe Bruce D. Fisher

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. Skeleton: generalities regarding the bones of the skull (neuro-cranium and splancno-cranium). Bones of the vertebral column, trunk, superior limb, inferior limb, pectoral and girdle and pelvis. Joints structure, classification and movements. Joints: intervertebral joints and shoulder joint. Muscolar system. Generalities on muscle organization and respiratory muscles.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Heart, thoracic aorta, aortic arch, abdominal aorta. The Willi’s polygon. Coronary circulation. Main arteries of superior and inferior limbs. Venous system. Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and their main branches in the thorax and abdomen. Main veins of the superior and inferior limbs. Generalities on the lymphatic system.

SPLANCHNOLOGY. Basic systemic and microscopy anatomy of digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive and endocrine systems.

1) Martini Nath: Anatomy & Physiology, or
2) Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch: Human Anatomy, or
3) Tortora: Human Anatomy, or
4) Gray's Basic Anatomy

Students are strongly encouraged to make use of an atlas of human anatomy of their choice

Spinal cord: segmental and internal organization: gray matter, ascending and discending tracts. Spinals nerves, plexuses and reflex arcs. Brainstem (Medulla oblungata, Pons, Mesencephalon): internal and external structure. Cranial nerves: nuclei and innervation. Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus): internal and external structure. Thalamic nuclei. Telencephanlon: internal and external structure. Anatomical and functional organization of cerebral cortex. Allocortex. Basal Ganglia. Cerebellum: internal and external structure. Ventricular system. Meninges. Brain blood vessels and dural sinuses. Sensory system: spinothalamic, tacts, fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus tracts, spinocerebellar tracts. Pain conduction. Visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactor and limbic system. Motor system: pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. Motor nuclei. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Enteric nervous system.

1) Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch: Human Anatomy or
2) Tortora: Human Anatomy or 3) Gray's Basic Anatomy
3) Martini Nath: Anatomy & Physiology
4) Andrew Biel, The Guide to the body

scanning plans
Anatomy in radiographic imaging in traditional radiology
Anatomy in radiographic imaging in computed tomography
concept of radiopacity / radiotransparency.
Criteria for correct radiological imaging

Applied Radiological Anatomy a cura di Paul Butler, Adam Mitchell, Jeremiah C. Healy, Harold Ellis

General information on cells, on tissues. Optical and electronic microscopy. Resolution limit.

Epithelial Tissue: classification and structure. Intracellular junction. Basal membrane. Skin: structure and function. Glandular epithelia: classification and structural organization of endocrine and exocrine glands. Types and methods of secretion.

Connective tissue: Cells, fibers and fundamental substance. Classification. Mucous and serous membranes. Adipose tissue

Cartilaginous tissue: cells. Composition of the extracellular matrix. Classification.

Bone tissue: Structure. Composition of the extracellular matrix and cell types. Periosteum and endosteal. Mechanisms of ossification. Bone remodeling.

Blood: Plasma and serum. Morphology and functions of corpuscular elements. Main blood values. hematopoiesis.

Lymphatic system and immune system: Lymphatic vessels. B-lymphocytes, T and NK lymphocytes. Lymphopoiesis. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The immune response.

Muscle tissue: Structure of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cell. Characteristics of the three types of muscle.

Nervous tissue: the neuron. Glial cells. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. General structure of the nerves.

Concise Histology - 1st Edition – Elsevier
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology- 11st Edition - Pearson

Physiology of the cell membrane: 2 hours
- Membrane transport of ions and molecules - Membrane potential and Action Potential
Muscle Physiology: 4 hours
-Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue.

- Neuromuscular transmission and excitation- contraction coupling.
- Motor unit
Physiology of the Nervous System: 6 hours
-The Afferent Division: decoding and processing of sensory information.

-The Efferent Division: general characteristics of the motor system: involuntary, voluntary and automatic movements; spinal reflexes; the brain- encephalic control of the movement: posture and balance. Cortical control of voluntary movements. The cerebellum: general features, functions of the cerebellum. The basal ganglia: functional role.
 -The Autonomic Nervous System.

- Supplementary functions of the nervous system.
Cardiovascular physiology: 6 hours
- Myocardial physiology: functional myocardial anatomy, myocardial action potentials, contraction of the heart muscle.

- Cardiac cycle

- Nervous control of cardiac activity.
- General principles of hemodynamics.
- Adjustment of circulation, blood pressure and blood flow.
- Cardiac output: principles of regulation of cardiac output.

- Cardiac tones.
The Respiratory System: 4 hours
- Pulmonary ventilation: respiratory mechanics, volumes and lung capacity. Respiratory tract

- Gaseous exchanges: diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane.
-Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood and body fluids ..

-Regulation of breathing: general principles.
 -Regulation of acid-base balance: general principles.
Body fluids and renal function: 2 hours
- Functional anatomy of the kidney, function of the nephron. Glomerular filtration: general principles.
- Elaboration of glomerular filtrate: resorption and tubular secretion
- Control of osmolarity and sodium concentration of extracellular fluid: general principles.
- Renal regulation of blood volume: general principles
The endocrine system: 4 hours
- General principles of endocrinology: nature of a hormone; general picture of the endocrine glands

and their hormones. Principles of general functioning of hormones.

Reference Books:
-“Berne & Levy Physiology”, Sixth Updated Edition -“Sherwood” ninth edition

-“Guyton-Hall"

The first part of the course will introduce the logic of statistics and experimental design.
The concepts of probability calculation and combinatorial calculation will be introduced or recalled; although theoretically already in possession of the student, these steps are fundamental and will be used in the continuation of the course. In this phase the main probability distributions will be treated, including the binomial distribution, the Poisson distribution and the standard Normal and Normal distributions, but more than the single mathematical process,we will try making the student aware of the deep motivation of the medical statistics, as a science, and its application in practice, as well as the risks of its incorrect understanding.
In the second part of the course the descriptive statistics and its methodology will be addressed. It will be shown how to recognize the type of data and how to summarize them in appropriate indexes.
The student will learn how to calculate position measurements (mean, median, fashion), variability (variance, standard deviation), coefficient of variation (CV), percentiles and their use. It will also make extensive use of practical examples to define a good descriptive statistic and a defective or deceptive descriptive statistic.
In the final part of the course the general principles of statistical inference will be treated.
Cases of sample distribution, type I and II errors, power of a test and operating curve will be introduced. We will then move on to parametric tests - Student's t-test, ANOVA with 1 and 2 classification criteria, non-parametric tests: - Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test, median test, chi-square test, Fisher exact test. We will also provide the basic concepts of regression and analysis of time dependent variability with mention of Kaplann Meyer functions, log rank and Cox regression.

1) Notes of the lessons
2) Stanton A. Glantz: Statistics for Bio-medical disciplines - ed. McGraw-Hill
3) Sidney Siegel, N. John Castellan Jr.: - Non parametric statistics - ed. McGraw-Hill
4) Resources and links from the Internet with particular reference to the use of the PubMEd portal

Introduction to Information Systems
Information System types
The lifecycle of Information Systems
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)

Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (16th edition) - Cengage Learning

Introduction to Information Systems
Information System types
The lifecycle of Information Systems
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)

Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (16th edition) - Cengage Learning

Mechanics

Chapter 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

1.4: Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures
1.5: Units, Standards, and SI Units
1.6: Converting Units
1.8: Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis

Chapter 4: Dynamics: Newton's Laws of Motion

4.1: Force
4.2: Newton's First Law of Motion
4.3: Mass
4.4: Newton's Second Law of Motion
4.5: Newton's Third Law of Motion

Chapter 6: Work and Energy

6.1: Work Done by a Constant Force
6.3: Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle
6.4: Potential Energy
6.5: Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
6.6: Mechanical Energy and its Conservation
6.7: Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy
6.8: Other Forms of Energy: Energy Transformations and the Law of Conservation of Energy
6.10: Power


Electricity and Magnetism

Chapter 16: Electric Charge and Electric Field

16.1: Static Electricity; Electric Charge and its Conservation
16.2: Electric Charge in the Atom
16.3: Insulators and Conductors
16.4: Induced Charge; the Electroscope
16.5: Coulomb's Law
16.6: Solving Problems Involving Coulomb's Law and Vectors
16.7: The Electric Field
16.8: Field Lines
16.9: Electric Fields and Conductors

Chapter 17: Electric Potential

17.1: Electric Potential Energy and Potential Differences
17.2: Relation Between Electric Potential and Electric Field
17.3: Equipotential Lines
17.4: The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy
17.5: Electric Potential Due to Point Charges
17.7: Capacitance
17.8: Dielectrics
17.9: Storage of Electric Energy

Chapter 18: Electric Currents

18.1: The Electric Battery
18.2: The Electric Current
18.3: Ohm's Law: Resistance and Resistors
18.4: Resistivity
18.5: Electric Power
18.8: Microscopic View of Electric Current

Chapter 19: DC Circuits

19.1: EMF and Terminal Voltage
19.2: Resistors in Series and in Parallel
19.3: Kirchhoff's Rules
19.4: EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery
19.5: Circuits Containing Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
19.6: RC Circuits-Resistor and Capacitor in Series

Chapter 20: Magnetism

20.1: Magnets and Magnetic Fields
20.2: Electric Current Produce Magnetic Fields
20.3: Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field: Definition of B
20.4: Force on a Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field
20.5: Magnetic Field Due to a Long Straight Wire
20.8: Ampere's Law

Chapter 21: Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law

21.1: Induced EMF
21.2: Faraday's Law of Induction; Lenz's Law
21.3: EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor
21.4: Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field

Vibrations and Waves

Chapter 11: Vibrations and Waves

11.7: Wave Motion
11.8: Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal
11.9: Energy Transported by Waves
11.10: Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency
11.11: Reflection and Transmission of Waves
11.12: Interference; Principle of Superposition
11.13: Standing Waves; Resonance


Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Waves

22.1: Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Maxwell's Equations
22.2: Production of Electromagnetic Waves
22.3: Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
22.5: Energy in EM Waves

Chapter 24: The Wave Nature of Light

24.4: The Visible Spectrum and Dispersion

Chapter 25: Optical Instruments

25-11: X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction
25-12: X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Chapter 27: Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom

27.10: Early Models of the Atom
27.12: The Bohr Model

Chapter 30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

30.1: Structure and Properties of the Nucleus
30.2: Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces
30.3: Radioactivity
30.4: Alpha Decay
30.5: Beta Decay
30.6: Gamma Decay
30.7: Conservation of Nucleon Number and Other Conservation Laws
30.8: Half-Life and Rate of Decay
30.9: Calculations Involving Decay Rates and Half-life

Chapter 31: Nuclear Energy; Effects and Uses of Radiation

31.1: Nuclear Reaction and the Transmutation of Elements
31.5: Measurement of Radiation-Dosimetry
31.9: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Douglas C. Giancoli “PHYSICS: Principles with Applications” Seventh edition, Pearson Education. Inc

1. Recalls of anatomical, positional and movement references
2. Radiological positions of the patient, planar orientation of radiographic projections, beam direction (orthogonality and obliquity) and incidence.
3. Principle of justification and optimization of the radiological examinations
4. X-ray contrast agents in traditional Radiology/planar Radiology
5. Principle of justification and optimization of the radiological examination
6. Informed consent
7. Security and prevention: d.Lgs.81 / 08, Legislative Decree 626/94; Legislative Decree 230/95; Leg. 187/00 Radioprotection; Protection, Patient, Environmental and Personal.
8. Elements of traumatology and articular and musculoskeletal pathology. Definition of anatomical variants
9. The main radiographic projections for the study of the skull and the maxillofacial region. Radiographic anatomy, clinical indications, radiological semeiotic elements in the study of the skull and maxillofacial region. Correlation between radiological Imaging, normal and pathological anatomy
10. The main radiographic projections for the study of the spine. Radiographic anatomy, clinical indications, radiological semeiotics in the study of the spine. Correlation between radiological Imaging, normal and pathological anatomy
11. Diagnostic Imaging in emergencies: traumatic and non-traumatic

• Bontrager’s Handbook of Radiographic Positioning and Techniques 8th Edition by Kenneth L. Bontrager MA RT(R) (Author), John Lampignano MEd RT(R) (CT) (Author)
• The Physics of Radiology and Imaging, Di K Thayalan
• Diagnostic Radiology Physics A Handbook for Teachers and Students D.R. Dance S. Christofides A.D.A. Maidment I.D. McLean K.H. Ng

Senology:
Senology and radiology technician
Historical background: d projections
Artifacts in mammography
Mammographic image formation
Special projectionsanalog vs digital
The mammographer: indirect digital, direct digital
Mammography: standar
Mammography indications
New applications of digital mammography
Contrastographic studies:
Use of contrast media in Traditional Diagnostics
Contrastographic single contrast and double contrast examinations
Main radiographic projections

– Digital Mammography Editors: Bick, Ulrich,Diekmann, Felix - SPRINGER

Physical and functional principles of the following radiological equipment:
• radiological trocostratigraph
• radiological system
• thoravision
• orthopantomograph
• computerized bone mineralogy ( moc )
• tomograph
• mobile radiologicalssystems
• digital , direct and indirect image detectionssystems

• Bontrager’s Handbook of Radiographic Positioning and Techniques 8th Edition by Kenneth L. Bontrager MA RT(R) (Author), John Lampignano MEd RT(R) (CT) (Author)
• The Physics of Radiology and Imaging, Di K Thayalan
• Diagnostic Radiology Physics A Handbook for Teachers and Students D.R. Dance S. Christofides A.D.A. Maidment I.D. McLean K.H. Ng

• Execution of conventional AP and LL projections of skeletal districts
• Execution of special projections: (axial, obliguous, tangential, etc.)
• Execution of examinations in clinostatism or orthostatism.
• Radioprotection of current regulations and technical applications.

• Bontrager’s Handbook of Radiographic Positioning and Techniques 8th Edition by Kenneth L. Bontrager MA RT(R) (Author), John Lampignano MEd RT(R) (CT) (Author)
• The Physics of Radiology and Imaging, Di K Thayalan
• Diagnostic Radiology Physics A Handbook for Teachers and Students D.R. Dance S. Christofides A.D.A. Maidment I.D. McLean K.H. Ng

Syllabus
 Introduction to computer networks
 Topology, architecture and size of computer networks
 Communications protocols and networking standards
 The Internet and the Web
 Security and privacy issues at Internet time

The course intends to provide students with the basic knowledge to understand the essential role of computer networks and communication devices in our society, along with the relevant security and privacy issues.

Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (16th edition) - Cengage Learning

1. Recalls of the anatomy of the thorax. Conventional Radiology in the study of the thorax: the lung, the pleura, the mediastinum. Thoracic radiographic projections. Radiographic anatomy, clinical indications for chest radiography, radiological semeiotics in the thorax study. Correlation between radiological imaging, normal and pathological anatomy.
2. Recalls of the abdomen anatomy. Conventional abdominal Radiology. Direct abdominal radiographic projections. Radiographic anatomy, clinical indications, radiological semeiotics in the abdomen study. Correlation between radiological Imaging, normal and pathological anatomy.
3. 3. Contrastographic techniques in the study of the gastrointestinal apparatus. Radiographic anatomy, clinical indications, radiological semiotic semeiotics in contrast studies. Correlation between radiological imaging, normal and pathological anatomy.
4. Criteria of adequacy ang correctness of radiological images
5. Ultrasonography: physical principles and main fields of application
6. EchoColorDoppler: physical principles and main fields of application
7. Management of the traumatized patient. Emergency room
8. Diagnostic Imaging in emergencies and emergencies: traumatic emergencies
9. Diagnostic Imaging in emergencies and emergencies: non-traumatic emergencies

Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy,9th Edition by John Lampignano, MEd, RT(R) (CT) and Leslie E. Kendrick, MS, RT(R)(CT)(MR)

Occupational Medicine in historical context

Legislation (Decree 81/2008)

Occupational disease and occupational accident

Health Surveillance

Risk related to physical, chemical and biological agents

Health effects of noise and optical radiation exposure

Health effects of ionizing radiations

Work-related stress

Workplace safety