BASIC HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
o Main techniques for fixation and preparation of histological samples
o Main techniques of fixation and preparation of biological liquids
o Paraffin embedding techniques for histological samples
o Paraffin embedding and cutting techniques
o Techniques for preparing fresh samples
o Artifacts from technical setup
o Principles of operation and use of the instruments
o Safety in the Pathological Anatomy laboratory
ANCILLARY HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
o Histochemical staining techniques
o Immunohistochemical investigation techniques
o Immunofluorescence techniques (direct and indirect)
o Notes on electron microscopy techniques
CELLULAR RESPONSE TO DAMAGE:
o Cellular response to ischemia (definition of ischemia and hypoxia, types of hypoxia; hypooxic,
anemic, stagnant, ischemic, histotoxic)
o Warm ischemia and cold ischemia
o Ischemia times and cellular susceptibility
o Ischemic cell damage, hydropic degeneration, vacuolar degeneration,
cloudy swelling
o Reversible and irreversible subcellular changes associated with hydropic swelling
o Microscopic aspects of cell death, Concept of oncosis, Coagulative necrosis, Necrosis
colliquative and apoptosis
PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS:
o Principles of optics
o Converging and diverging lenses
o Chromatic Aberrations
o Image formation
MICROSCOPY:
o Principles of optical microscopy
o Bright field microscope
o Dark field microscopy
o Fluorescence Microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY:
o Principles of electron microscopy
o Ultrastructural microscopy applications

o Main techniques in performing diagnostic testing
o Main organ removal and sampling techniques in autopsy diagnostic findings
COURSE STRUCTURE
The FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOPATHOLOGY AND SPECIAL HISTOPATHOLOGY module consists of 4
credits, structured in 40 hours of frontal teaching and exercises, divided into 2 or 3 hour lessons
based on the academic calendar. The frontal teaching includes theoretical lessons with interaction
and the projection of videos on the topics covered. At the beginning of each lesson there will be a
summary of the previous lesson in order to verify correct understanding by the students. The
laboratory part will be carried out in a Pathological Anatomy and Molecular Pathology laboratory,
so that students can practically follow the main laboratory activities related to Pathological
Anatomy.
The MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY TECHNIQUES and module of AUTOPTICAL HISTOLOGICAL AND
CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES consist of 1 CFU, structured in 10 hours of frontal teaching and
exercises.
Teaching will be carried out through lectures, exercises and practical activities.
The frontal teaching will be carried out with theoretical lessons with the possible projection of
videos on the topics covered, with lessons divided into 2 or 3 hours based on the academic calendar.
At the beginning of each lesson there will be a summary of the previous lesson in order to verify
correct understanding by the students. At the end of the theory relating to each topic, theoreticalpractical examples will follow which will illustrate its application in practice.

Title: Pathological Anatomy The basics
Author Aldo Scarpa, Luigi Ruco
Publisher Edra 2007
The student will be provided with educational material, such as handouts, presentations and
scientific articles.

BASIC HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
o Main techniques for fixation and preparation of histological samples
o Main techniques of fixation and preparation of biological liquids
o Paraffin embedding techniques for histological samples
o Paraffin embedding and cutting techniques
o Techniques for preparing fresh samples
o Artifacts from technical setup
o Principles of operation and use of the instruments
o Safety in the Pathological Anatomy laboratory
ANCILLARY HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
o Histochemical staining techniques
o Immunohistochemical investigation techniques
o Immunofluorescence techniques (direct and indirect)
o Notes on electron microscopy techniques
CELLULAR RESPONSE TO DAMAGE:
o Cellular response to ischemia (definition of ischemia and hypoxia, types of hypoxia; hypooxic,
anemic, stagnant, ischemic, histotoxic)
o Warm ischemia and cold ischemia
o Ischemia times and cellular susceptibility
o Ischemic cell damage, hydropic degeneration, vacuolar degeneration,
cloudy swelling
o Reversible and irreversible subcellular changes associated with hydropic swelling
o Microscopic aspects of cell death, Concept of oncosis, Coagulative necrosis, Necrosis
colliquative and apoptosis
PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS:
o Principles of optics
o Converging and diverging lenses
o Chromatic Aberrations
o Image formation
MICROSCOPY:
o Principles of optical microscopy
o Bright field microscope
o Dark field microscopy
o Fluorescence Microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY:
o Principles of electron microscopy
o Ultrastructural microscopy applications

o Main techniques in performing diagnostic testing
o Main organ removal and sampling techniques in autopsy diagnostic findings
COURSE STRUCTURE
The FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOPATHOLOGY AND SPECIAL HISTOPATHOLOGY module consists of 4
credits, structured in 40 hours of frontal teaching and exercises, divided into 2 or 3 hour lessons
based on the academic calendar. The frontal teaching includes theoretical lessons with interaction
and the projection of videos on the topics covered. At the beginning of each lesson there will be a
summary of the previous lesson in order to verify correct understanding by the students. The
laboratory part will be carried out in a Pathological Anatomy and Molecular Pathology laboratory,
so that students can practically follow the main laboratory activities related to Pathological
Anatomy.
The MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY TECHNIQUES and module of AUTOPTICAL HISTOLOGICAL AND
CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES consist of 1 CFU, structured in 10 hours of frontal teaching and
exercises.
Teaching will be carried out through lectures, exercises and practical activities.
The frontal teaching will be carried out with theoretical lessons with the possible projection of
videos on the topics covered, with lessons divided into 2 or 3 hours based on the academic calendar.
At the beginning of each lesson there will be a summary of the previous lesson in order to verify
correct understanding by the students. At the end of the theory relating to each topic, theoreticalpractical examples will follow which will illustrate its application in practice.

Title: Pathological Anatomy The basics
Author Aldo Scarpa, Luigi Ruco
Publisher Edra 2007
The student will be provided with educational material, such as handouts, presentations and
scientific articles.

o Main nucleic acid extraction methods: from the pre-analytical phase to the evaluation of the
extract
o PCR preparation techniques and applications in molecular pathology
o F.I.S.H. method: process and sector application

Title: Pathological Anatomy The basics
Author Aldo Scarpa, Luigi Ruco
Publisher Edra 2007
The student will be provided with educational material, such as handouts, presentations and
scientific articles.