INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS: Description of physiological mechanisms. Structure-Function relationships of the body. Levels of organization in the body. Concept of Homeostasis. Positive and negative feedback circuits. Homeostatic Control Systems.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND PLASMA MEMBRANE: Membrane transport of ions and molecules. Membrane potential and action potentials. Synapses and neuronal integration. Intercellular communication and signal transduction. Neurotransmitters.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY: Motor unit, neuromuscular junctions. Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle contraction and mechanics. Physiology of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: Functional organization of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system: afferent and efferent divisions. Role of glia cells. Autonomic nervous system. Integrative functions of nervous system.
SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY: Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the eyes, the photoreceptors, the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extrastriate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY: General organization of the motor system. Spinal reflexes, walking, posture and equilibrium. Cortical control of movement. General characteristics and functional role of basal nuclei and cerebellum in motor modulation.
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY: Anatomy and electrical activity of the heart. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and its control. General principles of hemodynamics. Blood vessels and blood pressure. Features and functions of the blood. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: General principles of endocrinology. Principles of general functioning of hormones. Central and peripheral endocrine glands and their hormones. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Control of calcium and phosphate metabolism.
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Respiratory anatomy and mechanic. Gas exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Control of respiration.
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM: Elements of renal function: kidney and nephron. Glomerular filtration. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urine excretion and plasma clearance. Urination.
FLUID AND ACID-BASE BALANCE: Body-fluid compartments. Control of extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity by regulating salt and water balances. Sources of protons and consequences of variations of the concentration of protons. Chemical buffer systems. Respiratory and urinary control of pH.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Digestive tract and accessory digestive organs. General aspects of digestion. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility of digestive tract. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
THERMOREGULATION: heat production and loss, factors that regulate body temperature. Introduction to Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics: catabolism, and anabolism. Glycolysis and aerobic metabolism. The pathways involved in lipid metabolism, and the mechanisms of lipid transport and distribution. The main processes of protein metabolism, and the use of protein as an energy source. Differences between the absorptive and postabsorptive metabolic states. Definition of metabolic rate and individual’s BMR.

- Berne & Levy “Physiology”, 7th Edition
- Sherwood, “Human Physiology: From cells to Systems” 9th Edition.
- Guyton-Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition
- Purves, “Neuroscience”, 6th Edition
- Sembulingam & Prema Sembulingam, “Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students (English Edition)”, 2nd Edition.

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: Description of physiological mechanisms. Structure-Function interactions in human body. Concept of Homeostasis and Homeostatic Control Systems. Positive and negative feedback circuits.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND PLASMA MEMBRANE: Cell Structure, Biomolecules, Protein Synthesis. Membrane structure and permeability. Transport of ions and molecules and membrane potential. Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication.
PYSHIOLOGY OF NERVE CELLS Neuronal cell physiology and generation of action potentials. Synapses and neuronal integration. Intercellular communication and signal transduction.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: Functional organization of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. Integrative functions of nervous system.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY: Motor unit, neuromuscular junctions. Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle contraction and mechanics. Physiology of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY: General organization of the motor system. Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes. Integrated CNS function: voluntary motor control: walking, posture, and equilibrium. Cortical control of movement. Role of basal nuclei and cerebellum in motor control.
SOMESTESIA: PROPRIOCEPTION AND PAIN. Classification of sensory systems. Sensory transduction: mechanoreception. Classification of receptors. Cutaneous touch receptors
SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY: Differences between special senses and ordinary senses. Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the photoreceptors and the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extra-striate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, and the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY: Features and functions of the blood. Hematopoiesis. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY: Anatomy and electrical activity of the heart. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and its control. General principles of hemodynamics. Law of hemodynamics Blood vessels and blood pressure.
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM: Elements of renal function: kidney and nephron. Glomerular filtration. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urine excretion and plasma clearance. Urination. Urine contents and examination methods.
THERMOREGULATION AND METABOLISM: heat production and loss, factors that regulate body temperature. Introduction to Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics: catabolism, and anabolism. Glycolysis and aerobic metabolism. The pathways involved in lipid metabolism, and the mechanisms of lipid transport and distribution. The main processes of protein metabolism, and the use of protein as an energy source. Differences between the absorptive and postabsorptive metabolic states. Definition of metabolic rate and individual’s BMR.
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Respiratory anatomy and mechanic. Gas exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Control of respiration.
FLUID AND ACID-BASE BALANCE: Body-fluid compartments. Control of extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity by regulating salt and water balances. Sources of protons and consequences of variations of the concentration of protons. Chemical buffer systems. Respiratory and urinary control of pH.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Digestive tract and accessory digestive organs. General aspects of digestion. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility of digestive tract. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM: Function and interaction of the teeth, jaws, and associated tissues, muscles involved in chewing and swallowing, and teeth.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: General principles of endocrinology. Principles of general functioning of hormones. Central and peripheral endocrine glands and their hormones. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Control of calcium and phosphate metabolism.

• Sherwood, “Human Physiology: From cells to Systems”, 9th Edition
• Guyton-Hall, “Textbook of Medical Physiology”, 14th Edition
• Purves, “Neuroscience”, 6th Edition
• Stanfield, Principle of Human Physiology, 5th Edition
• Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology, Sanunders Edition
• Essential Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Siegel, Allan (Author), Ph.D. Sapru, Hreday N. (Author), M.D. Siegel, Heidi E. (Contributor), Lipincott Edition
• Paterson. Author. Levick's Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology. 6th Edition. CRC press.

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: Description of physiological mechanisms. Structure-Function interactions in human body. Concept of Homeostasis and Homeostatic Control Systems. Positive and negative feedback circuits.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND PLASMA MEMBRANE: Cell Structure, Biomolecules, Protein Synthesis. Membrane structure and permeability. Transport of ions and molecules and membrane potential. Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication.
PYSHIOLOGY OF NERVE CELLS Neuronal cell physiology and generation of action potentials. Synapses and neuronal integration. Intercellular communication and signal transduction.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: Functional organization of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Autonomic nervous system. Integrative functions of nervous system.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY: Motor unit, neuromuscular junctions. Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle contraction and mechanics. Physiology of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY: General organization of the motor system. Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes. Integrated CNS function: voluntary motor control: walking, posture, and equilibrium. Cortical control of movement. Role of basal nuclei and cerebellum in motor control.
SOMESTESIA: PROPRIOCEPTION AND PAIN. Classification of sensory systems. Sensory transduction: mechanoreception. Classification of receptors. Cutaneous touch receptors
SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY: Differences between special senses and ordinary senses. Visual system: anatomy of the visual system, the photoreceptors and the retina, the connections between the eye and the brain, the coding of visual information in the retina, the extra-striate visual cortex, the associative visual cortex. Auditory system: ear anatomy, auditory pathway, perception of sound characteristics. Vestibular system: anatomy of the vestibular apparatus, receptor cells, and the vestibular pathway. Olfactory System: anatomy of the olfactory system, transduction of olfactory information, perception of odors. Taste system: the anatomy of gustatory buttons and taste cells, the perception of gustatory information, the gustatory pathway.
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY: Features and functions of the blood. Hematopoiesis. Plasma composition. Red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood group and Rhesus factor. Hemostasis. Coagulation phase and coagulation factors. Mechanisms of coagulation.
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY: Anatomy and electrical activity of the heart. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and its control. General principles of hemodynamics. Law of hemodinamics Blood vessels and blood pressure.
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM: Elements of renal function: kidney and nephron. Glomerular filtration. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urine excretion and plasma clearance. Urination. Urine contents and examination methods.
THERMOREGULATION AND METABOLISM: heat production and loss, factors that regulate body temperature. Introduction to Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics: catabolism, and anabolism. Glycolysis and aerobic metabolism. The pathways involved in lipid metabolism, and the mechanisms of lipid transport and distribution. The main processes of protein metabolism, and the use of protein as an energy source. Differences between the absorptive and postabsorptive metabolic states. Definition of metabolic rate and individual’s BMR.
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Respiratory anatomy and mechanic. Gas exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Control of respiration.
FLUID AND ACID-BASE BALANCE: Body-fluid compartments. Control of extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity by regulating salt and water balances. Sources of protons and consequences of variations of the concentration of protons. Chemical buffer systems. Respiratory and urinary control of pH.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Digestive tract and accessory digestive organs. General aspects of digestion. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility of digestive tract. Nutrient digestion and absorption. Hepatobiliary function.
STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM: Function and interaction of the teeth, jaws, and associated tissues, muscles involved in chewing and swallowing, and teeth.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: General principles of endocrinology. Principles of general functioning of hormones. Central and peripheral endocrine glands and their hormones. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Control of calcium and phosphate metabolism.

• Sherwood, “Human Physiology: From cells to Systems”, 9th Edition
• Guyton-Hall, “Textbook of Medical Physiology”, 14th Edition
• Purves, “Neuroscience”, 6th Edition
• Stanfield, Principle of Human Physiology, 5th Edition
• Netter's Atlas of Human Physiology, Sanunders Edition
• Essential Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Siegel, Allan (Author), Ph.D. Sapru, Hreday N. (Author), M.D. Siegel, Heidi E. (Contributor), Lipincott Edition
• Paterson. Author. Levick's Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology. 6th Edition. CRC press.