Clinical biochemistry and clinical molecular biochemistry
• Definition, limits and aims of Laboratory Medicine and its disciplines: clinical biochemistry and molecular diagnostics, appropriateness of laboratory medicine and diagnostic process
• General organization of the analysis laboratory from the request for analysis to the report: laboratory sectors, use of the laboratory, sources of variability, reference intervals, critical values in the pre-analytical and analytical phases, intra- and inter-individual biological variability, concepts of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and their applications. Internal and external quality control, interpretation of results. POCT
• Types and collection of clinical sample
• Main analytical techniques and instrumentation in the analysis laboratory and most common analytes.
• Balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Acid-base balance. Conditions associated with abnormal electrolyte composition or acid-base balance
• Molecular Biomarkers: characteristics, definition and interpretation of molecular biomarkers.
• Plasma proteins and enzymes as biomarkers of tissue and organ damage.
• Methods of preparation and analysis of proteins in clinical diagnostics (e.g., protein electrophoresis, immuno-detection and immunoassays of proteins protein arrays, LC-MS, etc)
• Analytical techniques to discriminate, identify and amplify nucleic acids and examples of clinical application: agarose gel electrophoresis, PCR, gene sequencing (Sanger method), hybridization (southern blot, northern blot, in situ hybridization, etc. .), recombinant DNA and microarray, molecular diagnostic tests (genetic and oncological diseases)
• Genome editing and concept of gene therapy in clinical application
• Introduction to omics sciences and the holistic approach, concepts of Genome, Transcriptome and Proteome
• Human Genome Project and genome annotations
• Next Generation Sequencing and clinical applications of gene sequencing
• Transcriptomics, RNA sequencing
• Proteome analysis and clinical applications

• Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology:
• Michael J. Murphy & Rajeev Srivastava & Kevin Deans “Clinical Biochemistry”, Sixth Edition , Elsevier
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. “Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice”; W H Freeman & Co; 2 edition
or
• Nader Rifai, Rossa W.K. Chiu. Ian Young, Carey-Ann D.Burnham, Carl T. Wittwer “Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine.” (7th Edition). Elsevier Health Sciences (US), Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf
• Materiale didattico integrativo fornito dal docente sottoforma di articoli scientifici e fonti telematiche appropriate, per completare approfondire ed aggiornare i contenuti trattati a lezione.

Clinical biochemistry and clinical molecular biochemistry
• Definition, limits and aims of Laboratory Medicine and its disciplines: clinical biochemistry and molecular diagnostics, appropriateness of laboratory medicine and diagnostic process
• General organization of the analysis laboratory from the request for analysis to the report: laboratory sectors, use of the laboratory, sources of variability, reference intervals, critical values in the pre-analytical and analytical phases, intra- and inter-individual biological variability, concepts of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and their applications. Internal and external quality control, interpretation of results. POCT
• Types and collection of clinical sample
• Main analytical techniques and instrumentation in the analysis laboratory and most common analytes.
• Balance of body fluids and electrolytes. Acid-base balance. Conditions associated with abnormal electrolyte composition or acid-base balance
• Molecular Biomarkers: characteristics, definition and interpretation of molecular biomarkers.
• Plasma proteins and enzymes as biomarkers of tissue and organ damage.
• Methods of preparation and analysis of proteins in clinical diagnostics (e.g., protein electrophoresis, immuno-detection and immunoassays of proteins protein arrays, LC-MS, etc)
• Analytical techniques to discriminate, identify and amplify nucleic acids and examples of clinical application: agarose gel electrophoresis, PCR, gene sequencing (Sanger method), hybridization (southern blot, northern blot, in situ hybridization, etc. .), recombinant DNA and microarray, molecular diagnostic tests (genetic and oncological diseases)
• Genome editing and concept of gene therapy in clinical application
• Introduction to omics sciences and the holistic approach, concepts of Genome, Transcriptome and Proteome
• Human Genome Project and genome annotations
• Next Generation Sequencing and clinical applications of gene sequencing
• Transcriptomics, RNA sequencing
• Proteome analysis and clinical applications

Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology:
• Michael J. Murphy & Rajeev Srivastava & Kevin Deans “Clinical Biochemistry”, Sixth Edition , Elsevier
• Michael M. Cox, Jennifer Doudna, Michael O'Donnell. “Molecular Biology: Principles and Practice”; W H Freeman & Co; 2 edition
or
• Nader Rifai, Rossa W.K. Chiu. Ian Young, Carey-Ann D.Burnham, Carl T. Wittwer “Tietz Textbook of Laboratory Medicine.” (7th Edition). Elsevier Health Sciences (US), Available from: VitalSource Bookshelf
• Materiale didattico integrativo fornito dal docente sottoforma di articoli scientifici e fonti telematiche appropriate, per completare approfondire ed aggiornare i contenuti trattati a lezione.

Clinical Pathology

• Clinical value of the laboratory
• Injury and function markers
• Blood count test
• Markers of inflammation and immune reactions
• Coagulation and pathologies of the coagulation system
• Diagnostics of anemias
• Liver function tests and jaundice
• Glycemia
• Lipemia
• Renal function tests and urinalysis
• Immunohematology and transfusion medicine.

Clinical Pathology:
Laposata M, McCaffrey P. Clinical Laboratory Methods: Atlas of Commonly Performed Tests. Mc Graw Hill 2022

Clinical Pathology
• Clinical value of the laboratory
• Injury and function markers
• Blood count test
• Markers of inflammation and immune reactions
• Coagulation and pathologies of the coagulation system
• Diagnostics of anemias
• Liver function tests and jaundice
• Glycemia
• Lipemia
• Renal function tests and urinalysis
• Immunohematology and transfusion medicine.

Clinical Pathology:
Laposata M, McCaffrey P. Clinical Laboratory Methods: Atlas of Commonly Performed Tests. Mc Graw Hill 2022

Clinical Pathology
• Clinical value of the laboratory
• Injury and function markers
• Blood count test
• Markers of inflammation and immune reactions
• Coagulation and pathologies of the coagulation system
• Diagnostics of anemias
• Liver function tests and jaundice
• Glycemia
• Lipemia
• Renal function tests and urinalysis
• Immunohematology and transfusion medicine.

Clinical Pathology:
Laposata M, McCaffrey P. Clinical Laboratory Methods: Atlas of Commonly Performed Tests. Mc Graw Hill 2022

Clinical Pathology
• Clinical value of the laboratory
• Injury and function markers
• Blood count test
• Markers of inflammation and immune reactions
• Coagulation and pathologies of the coagulation system
• Diagnostics of anemias
• Liver function tests and jaundice
• Glycemia
• Lipemia
• Renal function tests and urinalysis
• Immunohematology and transfusion medicine.

Clinical Pathology:
Laposata M, McCaffrey P. Clinical Laboratory Methods: Atlas of Commonly Performed Tests. Mc Graw Hill 2022

Clinical Microbiology

- Principles of medical microbiology and immunology
- Basic principles of microbiological diagnosis.
- Knowledge of laboratory tests used for the purpose of microbiological diagnosis.
- Definition of sample appropriateness and pre-analytical protocols
- Biological specimens suitable for microbiological diagnosis: Collection and storage of biological specimens for diagnostic purposes; Interpretation of microbiological test results.
- Elements of Microbiological Diagnostics: direct and indirect testing, microbial isolation, Principles, purpose and interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility testing
- Elements of Virological Diagnostics: direct and indirect tests, viral isolation. Meaning and proper
- Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics in central nervous system infections, with emphasis on the diagnostic aspect on CSF. Samples used, methods of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Samples used, mode of sampling, preservation. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics of gastrointestinal infections and Food Toxins: Samples used, sampling methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of urinary tract infections: specimens used, collection methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Infections in pregnancy : diagnosis of maternal-fetal infection. Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; spécimens used, mode of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Sexually transmitted infections ; main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; specimens collection and storage. Interpretation of results
- Diagnosis of HIV and hepatitis virus infection.
- Hospital infections : main etiological agents and modern diagnostics; microbiological control of hospital infections
- Systemic infections and sepsis - State of the art, values and limitations of Hemoculture. The new frontiers of molecular diagnosis of sepsis
- Pathologies, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by Tuberculous and NON-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
- Infections in the immunocompromised patient : pathogenic and opportunistic etiologic agents, the importance of quantitative molecular diagnostic strategy. Selection of biological specimens addressed for diagnosis and follow-up. Interpretation of results

Clinical Microbiology
Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke Second edition

Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition,

For consultation :

Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition (eventualmente per consultazione)

Clinical Microbiology

- Principles of medical microbiology and immunology
- Basic principles of microbiological diagnosis.
- Knowledge of laboratory tests used for the purpose of microbiological diagnosis.
- Definition of sample appropriateness and pre-analytical protocols
- Biological specimens suitable for microbiological diagnosis: Collection and storage of biological specimens for diagnostic purposes; Interpretation of microbiological test results.
- Elements of Microbiological Diagnostics: direct and indirect testing, microbial isolation, Principles, purpose and interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility testing
- Elements of Virological Diagnostics: direct and indirect tests, viral isolation. Meaning and proper
- Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics in central nervous system infections, with emphasis on the diagnostic aspect on CSF. Samples used, methods of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Samples used, mode of sampling, preservation. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics of gastrointestinal infections and Food Toxins: Samples used, sampling methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of urinary tract infections: specimens used, collection methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Infections in pregnancy : diagnosis of maternal-fetal infection. Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; spécimens used, mode of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Sexually transmitted infections ; main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; specimens collection and storage. Interpretation of results
- Diagnosis of HIV and hepatitis virus infection.
- Hospital infections : main etiological agents and modern diagnostics; microbiological control of hospital infections
- Systemic infections and sepsis - State of the art, values and limitations of Hemoculture. The new frontiers of molecular diagnosis of sepsis
- Pathologies, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by Tuberculous and NON-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
- Infections in the immunocompromised patient : pathogenic and opportunistic etiologic agents, the importance of quantitative molecular diagnostic strategy. Selection of biological specimens addressed for diagnosis and follow-up. Interpretation of results

Clinical Microbiology:

Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke Second edition

Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition,

For consultation :

Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition (eventualmente per consultazione)

Clinical Microbiology

- Principles of medical microbiology and immunology
- Basic principles of microbiological diagnosis.
- Knowledge of laboratory tests used for the purpose of microbiological diagnosis.
- Definition of sample appropriateness and pre-analytical protocols
- Biological specimens suitable for microbiological diagnosis: Collection and storage of biological specimens for diagnostic purposes; Interpretation of microbiological test results.
- Elements of Microbiological Diagnostics: direct and indirect testing, microbial isolation, Principles, purpose and interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility testing
- Elements of Virological Diagnostics: direct and indirect tests, viral isolation. Meaning and proper
- Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics in central nervous system infections, with emphasis on the diagnostic aspect on CSF. Samples used, methods of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Samples used, mode of sampling, preservation. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics of gastrointestinal infections and Food Toxins: Samples used, sampling methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of urinary tract infections: specimens used, collection methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Infections in pregnancy : diagnosis of maternal-fetal infection. Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; spécimens used, mode of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Sexually transmitted infections ; main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; specimens collection and storage. Interpretation of results
- Diagnosis of HIV and hepatitis virus infection.
- Hospital infections : main etiological agents and modern diagnostics; microbiological control of hospital infections
- Systemic infections and sepsis - State of the art, values and limitations of Hemoculture. The new frontiers of molecular diagnosis of sepsis
- Pathologies, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by Tuberculous and NON-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
- Infections in the immunocompromised patient : pathogenic and opportunistic etiologic agents, the importance of quantitative molecular diagnostic strategy. Selection of biological specimens addressed for diagnosis and follow-up. Interpretation of results

Clinical Microbiology
Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke Second edition

Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition,

For consultation :

Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition (eventualmente per consultazione)

Clinical Microbiology

- Principles of medical microbiology and immunology
- Basic principles of microbiological diagnosis.
- Knowledge of laboratory tests used for the purpose of microbiological diagnosis.
- Definition of sample appropriateness and pre-analytical protocols
- Biological specimens suitable for microbiological diagnosis: Collection and storage of biological specimens for diagnostic purposes; Interpretation of microbiological test results.
- Elements of Microbiological Diagnostics: direct and indirect testing, microbial isolation, Principles, purpose and interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility testing
- Elements of Virological Diagnostics: direct and indirect tests, viral isolation. Meaning and proper
- Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics in central nervous system infections, with emphasis on the diagnostic aspect on CSF. Samples used, methods of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Samples used, mode of sampling, preservation. Interpretation of results.
- Main etiological agents and modern diagnostics of gastrointestinal infections and Food Toxins: Samples used, sampling methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics of urinary tract infections: specimens used, collection methods, storage. Interpretation of results
- Infections in pregnancy : diagnosis of maternal-fetal infection. Main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; spécimens used, mode of collection, storage. Interpretation of results.
- Sexually transmitted infections ; main etiologic agents and modern diagnostics ; specimens collection and storage. Interpretation of results
- Diagnosis of HIV and hepatitis virus infection.
- Hospital infections : main etiological agents and modern diagnostics; microbiological control of hospital infections
- Systemic infections and sepsis - State of the art, values and limitations of Hemoculture. The new frontiers of molecular diagnosis of sepsis
- Pathologies, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by Tuberculous and NON-Tuberculous Mycobacteria
- Infections in the immunocompromised patient : pathogenic and opportunistic etiologic agents, the importance of quantitative molecular diagnostic strategy. Selection of biological specimens addressed for diagnosis and follow-up. Interpretation of results

• Clinical Microbiology
Oxford handbook - “Infectious diseases and microbiology” – E Torok, E. Moran, F Cooke Second edition

Clinical Microbiology, Murray, Rosenthal, Pfaller, 8 Edition,

For consultation :

Wolters Kluwer – “Color atlas and textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology” – GW Procop, DL Church, GS Hall, WM Janda, EW Konemar, PC Schreckenberger, GL Wood – Seventh Edition

Harrison’s Principle of Internal Medicine, latest edition (eventualmente per consultazione)

Clinical Parasitology
• Concepts of ecology applied to parasitism;
• General clinical parasitology principles regarding transmission routes, zoonosis, anthropozoonosis;
• Medically important Parasites belonging to Nematodes and Cestodes. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, clinical symptoms and treatment

Textbooks for parasitology can be the same as those proposed for Clinical Microbiology

Clinical Parasitology

• Concepts of ecology applied to parasitism;
• General clinical parasitology principles regarding transmission routes, zoonosis, anthropozoonosis;
• Medically important Parasites belonging to Nematodes and Cestodes. Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases, clinical symptoms and treatment

Textbooks for parasitology can be the same as those proposed for Clinical Microbiology