BASIC HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
o Main techniques for fixation and preparation of histological samples
o Main techniques of fixation and preparation of biological liquids
o Paraffin embedding techniques for histological samples
o Paraffin embedding and cutting techniques
o Techniques for preparing fresh samples
o Artifacts from technical setup
o Principles of operation and use of the instruments
o Safety in the Pathological Anatomy laboratory
ANCILLARY HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
o Histochemical staining techniques
o Immunohistochemical investigation techniques
o Immunofluorescence techniques (direct and indirect)
o Notes on electron microscopy techniques
AUTOPTICAL HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
o Main techniques in performing diagnostic testing
o Main organ removal and sampling techniques in autopsy diagnostic findings
CELLULAR RESPONSE TO DAMAGE:
o Cellular response to ischemia (definition of ischemia and hypoxia, types of hypoxia; hypooxic,
anemic, stagnant, ischemic, histotoxic)
o Warm ischemia and cold ischemia
o Ischemia times and cellular susceptibility
o Ischemic cell damage, hydropic degeneration, vacuolar degeneration,
cloudy swelling
o Reversible and irreversible subcellular changes associated with hydropic swelling
o Microscopic aspects of cell death, Concept of oncosis, Coagulative necrosis, Necrosis
colliquative and apoptosis
PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS:
o Principles of optics
o Converging and diverging lenses
o Chromatic Aberrations
o Image formation
MICROSCOPY:
o Principles of optical microscopy
o Bright field microscope
o Dark field microscopy
o Fluorescence Microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY:
o Principles of electron microscopy
o Ultrastructural microscopy applications

Title: Pathological Anatomy The basics Author Aldo Scarpa, Luigi Ruco Publisher Edra year 2007

The student will be provided with educational material, such as handouts, presentations and scientific articles.

o Main nucleic acid extraction methods: from the pre-analytical phase to the evaluation of the extract
o PCR preparation techniques and applications in molecular pathology
o F.I.S.H. method: process and sector applications

Title: Pathological Anatomy The basics
Author Aldo Scarpa, Luigi Ruco
Publisher Edra 2007
The student will be provided with educational material, such as handouts, presentations and scientific articles.