Historical hints of Anesthesiology
Intra and post-operative monitoring
Anesthesia drugs, principles of clinical pharmacology
Local anesthetics
Techniques of Locoregional Anesthesia
Preparation and management of the allergic patient
Patient and environment preparation for surgery
Emergency Management
Insufficiencies of organs
Application of the most important specific guidelines

• Guida al monitoraggio in area critica.GD Giusti, Maggioli Editore

1. Surgical risk. Shock and trauma
2. Infections in surgery and antimicrobial prophylaxis.
3. Embolisms of surgical interest and their prophylaxis.
4. Neck swelling, pathology and surgical thyroid therapy: hypo- and hyperthyroidism; tumors
5. Pathology and surgical therapy of parathyroids, adrenal glands and related endocrine syndromes. Neuroendocrine tumors.
6. Pathology and surgical breast therapy.
7. Pathology and pleuro-broncho-pulmonary and mediastinal surgical therapy: pneumothorax, bronchial and pulmonary tumors, Tuberculosis.
8. Pathology and surgical therapy of the esophagus: hiatal hernias, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, achalasia and other functional diseases of the esophagus, tumors of the esophagus.
9. Digestive haemorrhages of the digestive system (with particular reference to the upper).
10. Pathology and surgical therapy of the stomach and duodenum: peptic ulcer and complications, stomach tumors, complications of gastric surgery.
11. Abdominal and laparoceli wall hernias.
12. Pathology and surgical therapy of the peritoneum and retroperitoneal space.
13. Acute abdomen: peritonitis; mechanical and adinamic ileum, hemoperitoneum and hemoretroperitoneum.
14. Pathology and surgical therapy of the small intestine, Meckel’s diverticulum.
15. Pathology and surgical therapy of the colon and anus: appendicitis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative rettocolitis, diverticular bowel disease and its complications, colorectal neoplasms, hemorrhoids, anal fissure, abscesses and perianal fistulae.
16. Pathology and surgical therapy of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas: gallbladder calculosis, cholecystitis, liver tumors, bile duct tumors, obstructive jaundice, portal hypertension, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, endocrine pancreatic tumors, exocrine pancreatic tumors, pancreatic pseudocysts.
17. Pathology and surgical therapy of the spleen and lymphatic system. Splenectomies of surgical interest.
18. Pathology and surgical therapy of arteries, veins and lymphatics. aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, varicose veins of the lower limbs, thrombophlebitis and phlebotobos, arterial embolism of the limbs.
19. Pathology and surgical therapy of the urinary tract: generality, rhenium-ureteral calculus, neoplasms of the kidney, bladder, prostate and testicle.
20. Trauma: initial assessment of severe trauma, chest trauma, trauma of the abdomen and pelvis, head trauma, trauma of the musculoskeletal system burns.
21. General reconstructive and plastic surgery: generality.
22. Cardiosurgery: generality.
23. Traditional surgery and minimally invasive surgery.
24. Overview of organ transplant surgery.

• R. Bellantone, G: De Toma, M. Montorsi (Eds) "Chirurgia Generale", Ed. Minerva Medica, Torino - I Edizione 2008
• Olivero G, Mao P, Musso A, Rossetti M. American College of Surgeons - Committee on Trauma: Advanced Trauma Life Support – Programma per Medici. IV Ed. italiana, Chicago: American College of Surgeons -Committee on Trauma, 2013.
• Dionigi R: Chirurgia. IV Ed. Masson, 2006.

Elements of anatomy and physiology
Fibrous tunics: Sclera - Cornea
Vascular tunics: Choroid - Ciliary body - Iris
Nerve tunics: Retina
Crystalline lens and vitreous
Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, aqueous humor
Optic Nerve and Optic Pathways
Eyelids and Conjunctiva
Lacrimal system: Gland and Lacrimal Tracts
Extrinsic Ocular Muscles
Orbit

Pathophysiological optics
The eye from an optical point of view
Elements of optics, prisms and lenses
Vision defects (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia)
Visual acuity measurement (charts, decimals, diopters, retinoscopy (schiascopy), refractometer)

Pathology and Clinic
Eyelid diseases (chalazion, hordeolum, ectropion, entropion, ptosis)
Diseases of the lacrimal drainage system (occlusion, dacryocystitis)
Diseases of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis, pinguecula, pterygium)
Diseases of the cornea (keratitis, corneal ulcers, keratoconus)
Diseases of the sclera (scleritis)
Diseases of the lens (cataracts)
Diseases of the vitreous
Diseases of the uvea (uveitis, tumors)
Diseases of the retina (angiomatosis, diabetic retinopathy, Hypertensive retinopathy, venous and arterial occlusions, inherited retinal degeneration, age-related macular degenerations, retinal detachment, retinoblastoma.
Neuro-ophthalmology (papilledema, optic neuritis, chiasmatic and retrochiasmatic syndrome).
Glaucoma (humor aqueous circulation, tonometry, visual field, optic nerve alterations)
Concomitant and paralytic strabismus (amblyopia, esotropia, exotropia)

Semeiotics and instrumental examinations
Physical examination (biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy)
Corneal evaluation (ophthalmometry, topography, endothelial microsc.)
Glaucoma and optical pathways (perimetry, ERG, VEP)
Color sense tests (Ishihara plates, Farnsworth test)
Retina imaging (Fluorescein angiography + ICGA, OCT, Ultrasound)

• Handouts
• Recommended books: “Oftalmologia”, autore Aldo Caporossi, Piccin Editore