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(objectives)
The educational objectives of the module of Biochemistry and metabolism of nutrients are aimed at acquiring knowledge about the biochemistry of food and nutrition, with emphasis on the function and regulation of biological macromolecules and general mechanisms of metabolic regulation. Acquire knowledge of the major metabolic pathways and cycles with emphasis on glucose, lipids and amino acids metabolisms. Understand the significance of metabolic alterations under conditions far from physiological (prolonged fasting, physical exertion). Also, have good knowledge about particular elements necessary for proper daily nutritional intake, such as micro- and macro-elements, the fat- and water-soluble vitamins. Last but not least, acquire important information on free radicals and antioxidants, the balance of which is fundamentally linked to the correct nutritional regimen. The educational objectives of the module of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology are aimed at acquiring knowledge of the main methodologies used in clinical biochemistry; understanding the significance of alterations in biochemical-clinical relevant profiles; acquiring basic knowledge about the fundamental processes of molecular biology and their regulation, which are essential for understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of diseases and molecular mechanisms relevant to therapeutic applications.
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Code
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90675 |
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Language
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ITA |
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Type of certificate
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Profit certificate
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| Module:
(objectives)
he educational objectives of the module of Biochemistry and metabolism of nutrients are aimed at acquiring knowledge about the biochemistry of food and nutrition, with emphasis on the function and regulation of biological macromolecules and general mechanisms of metabolic regulation. Acquire knowledge of the major metabolic pathways and cycles with emphasis on glucose, lipids and amino acids metabolisms. Understand the significance of metabolic alterations under conditions far from physiological (prolonged fasting, physical exertion). Also, have good knowledge about particular elements necessary for proper daily nutritional intake, such as micro- and macro-elements, the fat- and water-soluble vitamins. Last but not least, acquire important information on free radicals and antioxidants, the balance of which is fundamentally linked to the correct nutritional regimen.
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Language
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ITA |
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Type of certificate
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Profit certificate
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Credits
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7
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Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code
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BIO/10
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Contact Hours
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-
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Type of Activity
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Core compulsory activities
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Teacher
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Tavazzi Barbara
(syllabus)
1) BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRIENT METABOLISM
Food and Nutrition
Nutritional standards and dietary guidelines. LARNs, safe ranges and adequacy of food intake. Nutrient categories, macronutrients and micronutrients. From nutrients to foods: definition of food and the classes of foods.
Recalls of general biochemistry
Enzyme kinetics and major metabolic processes. Hormones and their general functioning.
Carbohydrates
Chemical, biochemical and nutritional definition of carbohydrates. Digestion, absorption and transport of major dietary-introduced carbohydrates and their involvement in energy metabolism. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and their biochemical significances. Catabolism and anabolism of glucose and glycogen. Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism. Role of available carbohydrates in the diet. Dietary fiber. Solubility and viscosity of dietary fiber. Beneficial and adverse effects of fiber. Metabolism of fructose. Metabolism of galactose. Recommended intake levels. Diabetes and diet in the diabetic patient.
Lipids
Classification and chemical composition. Dietary fats. Main lipids introduced in the diet and their energy value. Fatty acids of nutritional interest: saturated and unsaturated, essential fatty acids, trans fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipid requirements. Digestion, absorption and transport of dietary-introduced lipids. Mobilization of triacylglycerol reserves. Fatty acid metabolism. Dietary and endogenous cholesterol: cholesterol balance in the body. Transport of cholesterol and other lipids by plasma lipoproteins. Non-pharmacological control of blood cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis, definition and correlation with cholesterol levels. Dyslipidemias. Diet in cardiovascular disease.
Proteins
Nutritional significance and energy value. Amino acids: functional, chemical, nutritional and metabolic classification. Digestion, absorption and transport of dietary introduced proteins. Metabolic fates of amino acids: glucogenic, ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Protein turnover. Nutritional value of protein and regulation of nitrogen balance. Protein requirements. Congenital errors of amino acid metabolism. Celiac disease.
Water as food
Importance of water in body homeostasis. Water balance and its hormonal regulation. Classification of the main types of water in commerce.
Integration of metabolism
Energy expenditure of the body. Basal metabolic rate. Distribution of energy reserves. Metabolic adaptations in the fasting-nutrition cycle. Hormonal involvement in the regulation of metabolic processes. Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor and Marasmus as models of biochemical injury. Approach from a biochemical perspective to malnutrition, dietary approach.
Micro e macroelements
Importance of the presence of these compounds in daily dietary intake. Nutritional and metabolic significance. Recommended RDA values for each of the individual compounds.
Fat- and water-soluble vitamins
Nutritional significance and their specific functions in metabolism. Biochemical characteristics with regard to their cellular and body use. Dietary requirements, their metabolization and suggested nutritional values.
Free radicals
Formation and physiological genesis. Free radicals, exogenous and endogenous causes. The reactions of free radicals. Oxygen metabolism. Oxidative and nitrosative stress. Cellular damage induced by oxygen free radicals. Damage to biological membranes, nitrogen bases and proteins. Defenses against oxidative stress.
Antioxidant defenses
Antioxidants: defense systems against radicals. Classification of antioxidants. Mechanisms of action of antioxidants: preventive, scavenger, repair and de novo. Enzymatic endogenous antioxidants: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Nonenzymatic antioxidants: glutathione, bilirubin, uric acid, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids, lycopene, polyphenols, lipoic acid, ubiquinone, trace elements.
Oxidative stress related diseases
The importance of pathologies in which oxygen radicals are involved. Hypoperfusion, ischemia, and reperfusion. Photosensitivity, alcoholism, trauma, acute and chronic neurodegeneration.
(reference books)
1) PPT slides
2) Ugo Leuzzi, Ersilia Bellocco, Davide Barreca; BIOCHIMICA DELLA NUTRIZIONE; Ediz. Zanichelli, 2013
3) Ivo Cozzani, Enrico Dainese; BIOCHIMICA DEGLI ALIMENTI E DELLA NUTRIZIONE, Ediz. Piccin-Nuova Libraria, 2006
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Dates of beginning and end of teaching activities
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From to |
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Delivery mode
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At a distance
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Attendance
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not mandatory
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Evaluation methods
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Written test
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Teacher
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Lazzarino Giacomo
(syllabus)
Food and Nutrition
Nutritional standards and dietary guidelines. LARNs, safe ranges and adequacy of food intake. Nutrient categories, macronutrients and micronutrients. From nutrients to foods: definition of food and the classes of foods.
Recalls of general biochemistry
Enzyme kinetics and major metabolic processes. Hormones and their general functioning.
Carbohydrates
Chemical, biochemical and nutritional definition of carbohydrates. Digestion, absorption and transport of major dietary-introduced carbohydrates and their involvement in energy metabolism. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and their biochemical significances. Catabolism and anabolism of glucose and glycogen. Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism. Role of available carbohydrates in the diet. Dietary fiber. Solubility and viscosity of dietary fiber. Beneficial and adverse effects of fiber. Metabolism of fructose. Metabolism of galactose. Recommended intake levels. Diabetes and diet in the diabetic patient.
Lipids
Classification and chemical composition. Dietary fats. Main lipids introduced in the diet and their energy value. Fatty acids of nutritional interest: saturated and unsaturated, essential fatty acids, trans fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipid requirements. Digestion, absorption and transport of dietary-introduced lipids. Mobilization of triacylglycerol reserves. Fatty acid metabolism. Dietary and endogenous cholesterol: cholesterol balance in the body. Transport of cholesterol and other lipids by plasma lipoproteins. Non-pharmacological control of blood cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis, definition and correlation with cholesterol levels. Dyslipidemias. Diet in cardiovascular disease.
Proteins
Nutritional significance and energy value. Amino acids: functional, chemical, nutritional and metabolic classification. Digestion, absorption and transport of dietary introduced proteins. Metabolic fates of amino acids: glucogenic, ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Protein turnover. Nutritional value of protein and regulation of nitrogen balance. Protein requirements. Congenital errors of amino acid metabolism. Celiac disease.
Water as food
Importance of water in body homeostasis. Water balance and its hormonal regulation. Classification of the main types of water in commerce.
Integration of metabolism
Energy expenditure of the body. Basal metabolic rate. Distribution of energy reserves. Metabolic adaptations in the fasting-nutrition cycle. Hormonal involvement in the regulation of metabolic processes. Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor and Marasmus as models of biochemical injury. Approach from a biochemical perspective to malnutrition, dietary approach.
Micro e macroelements
Importance of the presence of these compounds in daily dietary intake. Nutritional and metabolic significance. Recommended RDA values for each of the individual compounds.
Fat- and water-soluble vitamins
Nutritional significance and their specific functions in metabolism. Biochemical characteristics with regard to their cellular and body use. Dietary requirements, their metabolization and suggested nutritional values.
Free radicals
Formation and physiological genesis. Free radicals, exogenous and endogenous causes. The reactions of free radicals. Oxygen metabolism. Oxidative and nitrosative stress. Cellular damage induced by oxygen free radicals. Damage to biological membranes, nitrogen bases and proteins. Defenses against oxidative stress.
Antioxidant defenses
Antioxidants: defense systems against radicals. Classification of antioxidants. Mechanisms of action of antioxidants: preventive, scavenger, repair and de novo. Enzymatic endogenous antioxidants: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase. Nonenzymatic antioxidants: glutathione, bilirubin, uric acid, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids, lycopene, polyphenols, lipoic acid, ubiquinone, trace elements.
Oxidative stress related diseases
The importance of pathologies in which oxygen radicals are involved. Hypoperfusion, ischemia, and reperfusion. Photosensitivity, alcoholism, trauma, acute and chronic neurodegeneration.
(reference books)
1) PPT slides
2) Ugo Leuzzi, Ersilia Bellocco, Davide Barreca; BIOCHIMICA DELLA NUTRIZIONE; Ediz. Zanichelli, 2013
3) Ivo Cozzani, Enrico Dainese; BIOCHIMICA DEGLI ALIMENTI E DELLA NUTRIZIONE, Ediz. Piccin-Nuova Libraria, 2006
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Dates of beginning and end of teaching activities
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From to |
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Delivery mode
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At a distance
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Attendance
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not mandatory
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Evaluation methods
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Written test
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|
|
| Module:
(objectives)
The educational objectives of the module of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology are aimed at acquiring knowledge of the main methodologies used in clinical biochemistry; understanding the significance of alterations in biochemical-clinical relevant profiles; acquiring basic knowledge about the fundamental processes of molecular biology and their regulation, which are essential for understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of diseases and molecular mechanisms relevant to therapeutic applications.
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Language
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ITA |
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Type of certificate
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Profit certificate
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Credits
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5
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Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code
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BIO/12
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Contact Hours
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-
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Type of Activity
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Core compulsory activities
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Teacher
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Montagna Costanza
(syllabus)
- From biological sample collection to reporting
- Pre-pre-analytical phase, pre-analytical phase, analytical phase, post-analytical phase, interpretation of results.
- Analytical groupings
- Blood, urine, feces, CSF, hair, and saliva.
- Profiles of biochemical-clinical significance
- Glucose profile, protein profile, lipid profile, profile. vitamin profile..
- Cell structure
- Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell differences.
- Structure and replication of DNA
- Genome and organization of genetic material in eukaryotic cells; mechanisms of DNA repair.
- RNA strcture
- Transcription, control of gene expression: promoters and enhancers. Structure and function of various types of RNA; mRNA maturation.
- Protein synthesis:
- Translation initiation, elongation, and termination.
- Recombinant DNA biotechnology.
- PCR. Hybridation. Sequencing.
(reference books)
1) Biochimica clinica essenziale, dal laboratorio ai quadri di patologia clinica. Elisabetta Albi Tommaso Beccari Samuela Cataldi. Zanichelli 2019.
2) L'essenziale di biologia molecolare della cellula. Bruce Alberts Karen Hopkin Alexander Johnson David Morgan Martin Raff Keith Roberts Peter Walter. Quinta edizione. Zanichelli 2020.
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Dates of beginning and end of teaching activities
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From to |
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Delivery mode
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At a distance
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Attendance
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not mandatory
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Evaluation methods
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Written test
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