• Short summary of basic concepts of inorganic and organic chemistry
• Chemical bonds, osmotic pressure, pH, buffers. The constituents of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, amino acids.
• Proteins - structure and function. Hemoproteins and gas transport (O2, CO2). Coenzymes and vitamins. Enzymes.
• Introduction to metabolism. Catabolism and anabolism. Glucose catabolism: glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle. Catabolism of fatty acids.
• The mitochondrion as the power plant of the cell: oxidative phosphorylation.
• Hormonal control of glucose metabolism. Insulin and glucagon: glycogenolysis, glycogen synthesis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis.
• Fasting, diabetes and ketogenesis. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism. Amino acid metabolism and urea cycle in brief.

The indicated textbooks are just a reference. Students can adopt the book/books of their choice. Additional material will be provided by the Teachers.Massimo Stefani, Niccolò Taddei. Chimica & Biochimica. Ed. Zanichelli.
Bertoldi, Colombo, Magni, Marin, Palestini. Chimica e Biochimica. EdiSES.

• Basic Genetics: Definitions of Key Terms: gene, locus, allele, genotype, phenotype, haplotype, homozygous, heterozygous, haploid, diploid, dominance, recessivity, codominance, mutation, polymorphism.
• Principles of Genetic Transmission: Mendel's Genetic Hypothesis, The Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses, Segregation in Human Pedigrees, Blood groups Genetics
• Monogenic Inheritance Models: Autosomal inheritance, Autosomal recessive inheritance, X-linked inheritance
• Genetic Risk calculation and pedigrees
• Chromosomes: Structure and Analysis, Chromosomes Pathologies
• Genomic Imprinting
• X-chromosome inactivation
• Mitochondrial inheritance: mitochondrial DNA, pattern of inheritance
• Multifactorial inheritance: polimorphisms, susceptibility genes, gene-environment interaction, association studies

“Genetica in Medicina”, by Nussbaum, McInnes, Willard. Edises; “Genetica Medica Essenziale” by Dallapiccola, Novelli. Cic editore

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES: Operational concept of physical quantity. Fundamental and derivative quantities. Scalar and vector quantities. Systems of measurement units. Measurement of physical quantities. Systematic errors and accidental errors. Sensitivity, precision of a measuring instrument.
MOVEMENT: Velocity and acceleration as scalar quantities. Velocity and acceleration as vectors.
THE FORCES: The concept of strength and the principle of inertia. The concept of mass is the second principle of dynamics. The weight force is the acceleration of gravity. The third principle of dynamics. Static balance of a material point. Balancing of a system of forces. Friction. Rigid bodies and center of gravity. Moment of a force with respect to a point. Balance of a rigid body. Definition and equilibrium condition of a lever. Various types of leverage. Levers in the human body.
WORK AND ENERGY: Work of a force. Work and kinetic energy. The concept of energy. Conservative forces (outline). Potential energy.
LIQUIDS: Definition and unit of measurement of pressure. Density and specific weight. Forces acting on a volume of fluid at rest. Stevino Law. Pressure gauges. Pascal's law.
THERMOMETRY and GAS: The concept of temperature. The centigrade temperature scale. Expansion thermometers. Clinical thermometer. Absolute temperature scale. The equation of state of perfect gases.
HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY: The concept of quantity of heat. Heat measurement unit. Thermal capacity of a body and specific heat of a substance. Expression of the amount of heat exchanged by a body. The internal energy of a system. The first principle of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic transformations. State changes. Metabolic power. Energy value of food. Temperature control
SOUND: wave phenomena. Elastic and electromagnetic waves. Nature of sound. Wavelength. Sound intensity. Technical applications and biological effects of ultrasound. Ultrasound in medical diagnostics.
THE ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA: The electric charge. Conductors and insulators. Electric field and intensity of the electric field. Coulomb law. Unit of measurement of electric charges. Dielectric constant. Electrical potential and potential difference. Electric capacitors. Electric current and current intensity. The direct current. Energy considerations on electrical circuits. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance and resistivity. Resistance in series and in parallel. Internal resistance of a generator. The thermal energy connected with the Joule effect. Power absorbed by a device. Electrical Safety
IONIZING RADIATION: Introduction to radiation. Radiation, radioactive decay, law of radioactive decay. Biological half-life. The most common decays and associated radiation. Interaction of radiation with matter and hints of dosimetry

The indicated textbooks are just a reference. Students can adopt the book/books of their choice. Additional material will be provided by the Teachers.
APPLIED PHYSICS
Paul Davidovits: Fisica per le professioni sanitarie. UTET.

- Origin of life. Bacteria and archaea. Virus.
- The cell as the basic unit of life, the cellular theory. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, organization and differences.
- Structure and function of biological molecules. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Water and pH.
- How to study the cell.
-Cellular compartments and organelles (the plasma membrane, the nucleus, the cytoskeleton, the
endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
peroxisomes, lysosomes and vacuoles).
- Movement of molecules. Passive transport, active transport, endocytosis (phagocytosis and
pinocytosis), exocytosis.
- Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
- Transcription and translation. Regulation of gene expression. Biosynthesis of proteins.
- Cell cycle. Types of cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (mitosis and meiosis).
- Sexual reproduction and its evolutionary significance.

- Sadava D, M. Hillis D, Craig Heller H, Hacker S, "Elementi di Biologia e genetica"¸ Zanichelli, V
ed.

or

-Raven P H, Johnson G B, Mason K A “Elementi di Biologia e Genetica” Piccin, II ed..