• Definition of dentistry
• Existing specializations in dentistry (periodontology, orthodontics, paediatrics, gnathology, prosthesis, endodontics, conservative, oral surgery): definitions and operations
• Anatomy of the oral cavity
The teeth
The dental formula
Deciduous teeth and permanent teeth
Anatomy and functions of the tooth
Anatomy and functions of tooth support tissues
• Development of teething
Occlusion
Malocclusion
• Caries and complications (periapical pulps and periapical periodontitis, abscesses and phlegmon)
• Gingivitis and Periodontitis
• The first dental examination (how, where, when and why)
History
Medical Records Dental Records
• Diagnostics by images:
Orthopantomography
Telex
Endoral
CBCT
• Dental abnormalities
Included teeth (canines, third molars)
Agenesie
Supernumerary
Ankylosis
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in adult and pediatric patients

• L. Fonzi: “Anatomia funzionale e clinica dello splancnocranio”
• M. Chiapasco: “Manuale Illustrato di Chirurgia Orale”
• F. Gombos, R. Serpico: “Clinica odontoiatrica e stomatologica. Testo-atlante a colori di patologia e medicina orale per medici ed odontoiatri”

Elements of anatomy and physiology
Fibrous tunics: Sclera - Cornea
Vascular tunics: Choroid - Ciliary body - Iris
Nerve tunics: Retina
Crystalline lens and vitreous
Anterior chamber, posterior chamber, aqueous humor
Optic Nerve and Optic Pathways
Eyelids and Conjunctiva
Lacrimal system: Gland and Lacrimal Tracts
Extrinsic Ocular Muscles
Orbit
Pathophysiological optics
The eye from an optical point of view
Elements of optics, prisms and lenses
Vision defects (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia)
Visual acuity measurement (charts, decimals, diopters, retinoscopy (schiascopy), refractometer)
Pathology and Clinic
Eyelid diseases (chalazion, hordeolum, ectropion, entropion, ptosis)
Diseases of the lacrimal drainage system (occlusion, dacryocystitis)
Diseases of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis, pinguecula, pterygium)
Diseases of the cornea (keratitis, corneal ulcers, keratoconus)
Diseases of the sclera (scleritis)
Diseases of the lens (cataracts)
Diseases of the vitreous
Diseases of the uvea (uveitis, tumors)
Diseases of the retina (angiomatosis, diabetic retinopathy, Hypertensive retinopathy, venous and arterial occlusions, inherited retinal degeneration, age-related macular degenerations, retinal detachment, retinoblastoma.
Neuro-ophthalmology (papilledema, optic neuritis, chiasmatic and retrochiasmatic syndrome).
Glaucoma (humor aqueous circulation, tonometry, visual field, optic nerve alterations)
Concomitant and paralytic strabismus (amblyopia, esotropia, exotropia)
Semeiotics and instrumental examinations
Physical examination (biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy)
Corneal evaluation (ophthalmometry, topography, endothelial microsc.)
Glaucoma and optical pathways (perimetry, ERG, VEP)
Color sense tests (Ishihara plates, Farnsworth test)
Retina imaging (Fluorescein angiography + ICGA, OCT, Ultrasound)

- Handouts. (for a quick review)
- Suggested textbooks (not mandatory):
• The Wills Eye Manual - Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease
• Kanski Clinical Ophthalmology ,Elsevier. (to go more into detail)

he subjects covered in the course will be related to diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract of cervico-cephalic oncology and audiology and in more detail the lessons will be aimed at explaining and discussing the following topics:
• Pathologies of the nose and paranasal sinuses (epistaxis, non-specific and allergic vasomotor rhinitis, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps and without, sinunasal and facial tumors): etiopathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and therapy
• Diseases of the oral cavity, nasopharynx, or hypopharynx of an inflammatory, infectious nature and related complications: etiopathogenetic, clinical-diagnostic and therapeutic framework
• Neoplastic diseases of the oral cavity, of the oro-hypopharynx and of the nasopharynx: general principles of classification, staging, diagnosis and therapy.
• Pathologies of the larynx (malformative, traumatic, dysfunctional, motor, inflammatory, infectious): etiopathogenetic, clinical-diagnostic and therapeutic flow chart with particular reference to differential diagnosis.
• Tumor of the larynx: etiopathogenetic, clinical-diagnostic, classification, staging and therapy aspects
• Acute dyspnea: diagnosis and principles of medical and surgical therapy
• Inflammatory and neoplastic pathologies of the salivary glands: diagnosis and therapy
• Neck swelling and lymph node levels: semeiology, diagnosis and treatment
• Dysphagia: etiopathogenetic classification, diagnosis and therapy
• Dysgeusias and dysosmias: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
• Paralysis of the 7th pair of cranial nerves: anatomy, etiopathogenesis, clinical setting, diagnosis and treatment
• Headache and craniofacial pain syndromes: diagnosis and treatment
• OTOLOGY AND AUDIOLOGY
◦ Transmive, mixed and sensorineural hearing loss: causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, medical and surgical therapy, otofunctional examinations
◦ Middle ear diseases (inflammatory pathology and complications, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis): clinical pictures, diagnosis and therapy.
◦ External ear diseases: clinical pictures, diagnosis and therapy.
◦ Inner ear diseases: clinical pictures, diagnosis (including technique and indications of the audiometric examination) and therapy.
◦ Diseases of the vestibular apparatus (vestibular decompensation, vestibular syndromes): clinical pictures, definition, differential diagnosis and therapy
◦ Tinnitus: physiopathology, local and systemic causes, principles of therapy
◦ Diseases of the eighth cranial nerve and acoustic pathways and therapeutic options
• Head and neck emergencies: supervision, management and treatment.

• Handbook of Otolaryngology – Head and neck Surgery – Second edition - Bradley Goldstein, David Goldenberg – Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
• Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery - M. Anniko, M. Bernal-Sprekelsen, V. Bonkowsky, P. Bradley, S. Iurato – Springer-Verlag
• Basic Otolaringology A Step-by-Step Learning Guide – Second edition – Probst, Grevers, Iro - Thieme Medical Publishers Inc