LOCOMOTOR APARTMENT. (8 hours) axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, vertebrae, pelvic girdle. Appendicular skeleton: shoulder girdle, arm bones, forearm and hand, thigh bones, leg and foot. Joints: classification and movements. Temporo-mandibular, sternoclavicular, shoulder, intervertebral joints, elbow joint, radioulnar joints, wrist and hand. Joints of the hip, knee, ankle. Muscular skeletal system. Axial muscles: head, neck, extrinsic muscles of the eye, tongue, pharynx, main muscles associated with the spine, diaphragm, muscles of the perineum and urogenital diaphragm. Appendicular muscles: shoulder girdle and arm. Muscles of the thigh and major muscles of the lower leg.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. (8 hours) Heart, coronary circulation, thoracic aorta, abdominal and their main branches. Willis polygon. Main arteries of the lower limbs. Venous system: hollow veins and its major tributaries. Main veins of the upper limb, thorax, abdomen and lower limb. Portal circulation. Fetal circulation. General information on the lymphatic system.
SPLANCNOLOGY (12 hours) Microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive and endocrine tracts.
NEUROANATOMY (12 hours) Spinal cord: segments and internal organization: gray matter, ascending and descending tracts. Spinal nerves, nerve plexuses and reflex arches. Brain stem (Medulla oblongata, Pons, Mesencephalon): internal and external structure. Cranial nerves: nuclei of origin and innervation. Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus): internal and external structure. Thalamic nuclei. Telencephalon: internal and external structure. Anatomical and functional organization of the cerebral cortex. Allocortex. Basal ganglia. Cerebellum: internal and external structure. Ventricle system. Meninges. Blood circulation of the brain and dural sinuses. Sensory system: spinothalamic tract, fascicolus gracilis and cuneatus tracts, spinocerebellar tract. Conduction of pain. Visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory and limbic system. Motor system: pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. Motor nuclei. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Enteric nervous system.

• Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch: Human Anatomy,
• Tortora: Human Anatomy,
• Martini Nath: Anatomy & Physiology
• Gli studenti sono incoraggiati ad usare un Atlante di Anatomia Umana
• Students are encouraged to use an Human Anatomy Atlas

1. Radiographic anatomy of the head and neck region
2. Radiographic anatomy of the thorax
3. Radiographic anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis
4. Radiographic anatomy of the limbs

Radiobiology for the radiologist / Eric J. Hall, Amato J. Giaccia.—7th ed.

PREPARATION OF TISSUES FOR HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. Microscopy, preservation of biological structures, stainings.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE. General characteristics of epithelia, junctions, polarity of epithelial cells, surface specializations, basal lamina, classification of epithelia, endothelium, absorbent epithelium, pseudostratified epithelium, transitional epithelium, epidermis, glandular epithelia (exocrine and endocrine glands).
CONNECTIVE TISSUE. Histological organization: extracellular matrix (macromolecules of the ground substance, collagen and elastic fibers) and connective cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and mast cells). The different types of connective proper: loose and dense (irregular and regular). The white and brown adipose tissue. Supportive connective tissues: cartilage (cells and extracellular matrix, hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage, growth and repair) and bone (cells and extracellular matrix, compact and spongy bone, osteogenesis, growth and repair). Blood: plasma and serum, cells (red blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), platelets, hematopoiesis. Outline of the lymphatic system.
MUSCLE TISSUE. Skeletal muscle: organization of muscle fibers, myofibrils and myofilaments, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, neuromuscular junction, contraction mechanism, regeneration. Cardiac muscle: structure of cardiomyocytes (intercalated discs, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofilaments), Purkinje fibers, regeneration. Smooth muscle: structure of smooth muscle cells, contractile apparatus, regeneration.
NERVOUS TISSUE. The neuron. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. General structure of the nerves. Synapses. Glial cells.

“Bloom and Fawcett's Concise Histology”, Don W. Fawcett, Ronald P. Jensh, William Bloom – 2nd Edition - Hodder Arnold.

Cell Membrane Physiology:
-Transport of ions and molecules across the cell membrane
- Membrane potential and action potential
Muscle Physiology:
-Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue.
- Neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling.
- Motor unit
Nervous System Physiology:
-The sensory system: decoding and processing of sensory information.
-The motor system: general characteristics of the motor system: involuntary, voluntary and automatic movements; the spinal reflexes; brain stem control of movement: posture and balance. Cortical control of voluntary movements. The cerebellum: general characteristics, functions of the cerebellum. The basal ganglia: functional role.
- The autonomic nervous system.
- Integrative functions of the nervous system.
Cardiovascular Physiology:
-Myocardial physiology: functional anatomy of the myocardium, action potentials of the myocardium, contraction of the heart muscle.
- Cardiac cycle
-Nervous control of cardiac activity.
-General principles of hemodynamics.
-Regulation of circulation, blood pressure and blood flow.
-Cardiac output: principles of regulation of cardiac output.
- Heart tones.
The Respiratory System:
-Pulmonary ventilation: respiratory mechanics, lung volumes and capacities. Respiratory tract
-Gaseous exchanges: diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane.
-Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids.
-Regulation of breathing: general principles.
- Acid-base balance regulation: general principles.
Body fluids and kidney function:
-Functional anatomy of the kidney, function of the nephron. Glomerular filtration: general principles.
- Processing of glomerular filtrate: reabsorption and tubular secretion,
-Control of osmolarity and sodium concentration of the extracellular fluid: general principles.
-Renal regulation of blood volume: general principles
The endocrine system:
-General principles of endocrinology: nature of a hormone; general picture of the endocrine glands and their hormones. Principles of general functioning of hormones.

Martini Nath: Anatomy & Physiology