• Introduction to physiology and homeostasis concepts.
• Cellular physiology. Transport of solutes and water across the cell membrane. Resting membrane potential. Genesis and propagation of action potential. Synaptic transmission.
• Muscle Physiology. Functional properties of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle. Neuromuscular junction and excitation-contraction coupling. Motor unit.
• Nervous System. Functional organization of central and peripheral nervous system. Overview of autonomic nervous system. Functional organization of sensory systems. Coding and processing of sensory information. The motor system: organization of movement: reflexes, voluntary and automatic movements; posture and balance. Control of voluntary movements. The cerebellum: general features and functions. The basal ganglia: organization and functional role.
• Cardiovascular system. Organization of cardiovascular system. Cardiac electrophysiology: pacemaker activity and specialized conductive system of the heart. ECG. The cardiac muscle and cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and its regulation. Hemodynamics: blood flow, pressure, vascular resistance and their regulation. Principles of blood pressure measurement. Microcirculation: capillary exchange of solutes and water.
• The Respiratory System. Organization of respiratory system. Mechanics of ventilation. Gas exchange in the lungs: diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane. Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood and body fluids. Regulation of breathing: general principles. Regulation of acid-base balance: general principles.
• The urinary system. Functional organization of the urinary system. Function of the nephron. Glomerular filtration: general principles. Elaboration of glomerular filtrate: resorption and tubular secretion. Homeostatic functions of the kidney. Control of osmolality and volume of extracellular fluid: general principles.
• endocrine system. Definition and classification of hormones. General characteristics of the endocrine glands and the function of their hormones
• digestive SYSTEM organization of the digestive system. Motility and gastrointestinal secretions. General principles of digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Koeppen, B. M., & Stanton, B. A. (2017). Berne and levy physiology (7 edition). Elsevier Health Sciences
Martini, F. H., & Nath, J. L. (2009). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (8 uppl.)
Sherwood, L. (2015). Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning.
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2021). Textbook of medical physiology (14 edition). Philadelphia: Saunders

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. Skeleton: skull, vertebral column and main bones of the trunk, superior limb, inferior limb, pectoral and girdle and pelvis. Joints structure and classification, movements. Joints: Temporo-mandibular joint, shoulder joint, intervertebral joints, sterno-clavicular joint, elbow joint, radioulnar joints, wrist and hand joints. Hip joint, joint of the knee, ankle. Skeletal Muscular System: masticatory muscles (masseter, temporal, pterygoid). Motor muscles of the humerus (rotator cuff muscles, deltoid, teres major, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, brachial, coracobrachial), flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow (biceps brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachialis, anconus). Respiratory muscles (diaphragm, intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, serratus posterior and anterior muscles, pectoralis minor, scalene, quadratus lumborum, external / internal oblique muscle, transversus abdominus, rectus of the abdomen).
 
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Heart, thoracic aorta, aortic arch, abdominal aorta. The Willi’s polygon. Coronary circulation. Main arteries of superior and inferior limbs. Venous system. Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and their main branches in the thorax and abdomen. Main veins of the superior and inferior limbs. Portal circulation. Foetal circulation. Generalities on the lymphatic system.
SPLANCHNOLOGY. Systemic and microscopy anatomy of digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive and endocrine Systems.
NEUROANATOMY. Spinal cord: segmental and internal organization: gray matter, ascending and discending tracts. Spinals nerves, plexuses and reflex arcs. Brainstem (Medulla oblungata, Pons, Mesencephalon): internal and external structure. Cranial nerves: nuclei and innervation. Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus): internal and external structure. Thalamic nuclei. Telencephanlon: internal and external structure. Anatomical and functional organization of cerebral cortex. Allocortex. Basal Ganglia. Cerebellum: internal and external structure. Ventricular system. Meninges. Brain blood vessels and dural sinuses. Sensory system: spinothalamic, tacts, fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus tracts, spinocerebellar tracts. Pain conduction. Visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactor and limbic system. Motor system: pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. Motor nuclei. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Enteric nervous system.

• Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch: Human Anatomy,
• Tortora: Human Anatomy

Students are encouraged to use a Human Anatomy Atlas

Preparation of tissues for histological analysis. Microscopy, preservation of biological structures, stainings.
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics of epithelia, junctions, polarity of epithelial cells, surface specializations, basal lamina, classification of epithelia, endothelium, absorbent epithelium, pseudostratified epithelium, transitional epithelium, epidermis, glandular epithelia (exocrine and endocrine glands).
Connective tissue. Histological organization: extracellular matrix (macromolecules of the ground substance, collagen and elastic fibers) and connective cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and mast cells). The different types of connective proper: loose and dense (irregular and regular). The white and brown adipose tissue. Supportive connective tissues: cartilage (cells and extracellular matrix, hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage, growth and repair) and bone (cells and extracellular matrix, compact and spongy bone, osteogenesis, growth and repair). Blood: plasma and serum, cells (red blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), platelets, hematopoiesis. Outline of the lymphatic system.
Muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle: organization of muscle fibers, myofibrils and myofilaments, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, neuromuscular junction, contraction mechanism, regeneration. Cardiac muscle: structure of cardiomyocytes (intercalated discs, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofilaments), Purkinje fibers, regeneration. Smooth muscle: structure of smooth muscle cells, contractile apparatus, regeneration.
Nervous tissue. The neuron. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. General structure of the nerves. Synapses. Glial cells.

• Bloom and Fawcett's Concise Histology”, Don W. Fawcett, Ronald P. Jensh, William Bloom – 2nd Edition - Hodder Arnold.