Laboratory Medicine Technical Sciences (MED/46)
• Bacterial cell culture techniques
• Eukaryotic cell culture techniques
• Preparation of slides for light microscopy: tissues inclusion, microtome cutting
• Immunohistochemistry techniques
• Primary and secondary antibodies
• Peripheral blood sampling and bone marrow aspirate
• Isolation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells
• Stem cells isolation: culture, amplification and cryopreservation
• Cytofluorimetry
• Karyotype aberrations: conventional and molecular cytogenetics (FISH)
• Diagnostic and prognostic role of molecular biology in oncology
• Extraction and storage of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
• Basic techniques in molecular biology: nucleic acids amplification
• Qualitative analysis (PCR and RT-PCR)
• Quantitative analysis (Q-PCR and Q-RT-PCR)
• Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)
• Gene mutations
• Sanger sequencing
• New generation sequencing and personalized medicine: applications, progress, costs and benefits

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

Laboratory Medicine Technical Sciences (MED/46)
• Bacterial cell culture techniques
• Eukaryotic cell culture techniques
• Preparation of slides for light microscopy: tissues inclusion, microtome cutting
• Immunohistochemistry techniques
• Primary and secondary antibodies
• Peripheral blood sampling and bone marrow aspirate
• Isolation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells
• Stem cells isolation: culture, amplification and cryopreservation
• Cytofluorimetry
• Karyotype aberrations: conventional and molecular cytogenetics (FISH)
• Diagnostic and prognostic role of molecular biology in oncology
• Extraction and storage of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
• Basic techniques in molecular biology: nucleic acids amplification
• Qualitative analysis (PCR and RT-PCR)
• Quantitative analysis (Q-PCR and Q-RT-PCR)
• Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)
• Gene mutations
• Sanger sequencing
• New generation sequencing and personalized medicine: applications, progress, costs and benefits

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

Saranno fornite nel corso delle lezioni delle dispense da parte dei docenti. Gli studenti potranno studiare gli argomenti del corso, utilizzando i seguenti testi consigliati:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease X edition, 2017. Elsevier
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

Saranno fornite nel corso delle lezioni delle dispense da parte dei docenti. Gli studenti potranno studiare gli argomenti del corso, utilizzando i seguenti testi consigliati:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease X edition, 2017. Elsevier
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s

COURSE SYLLABUS
General Pathology (MED/04)
Etiology:
• Concept of disease: state of health and causes of disease.Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.
• Genetic disorders: mutations, mendelian disorders, disorders with multifactorial inheritance, normal karyotype, cytogenetic disorders, single-gene disorders with non classic inheritance. Diagnosis of genetic diseases.
• Infectious diseases: general principles of pathogenesis. Viral infections. Bacterial infections. Fungal infections. Parasitic infections.
• Environmental pathology: recognition of occupational and environmental diseases. Mechanisms of toxicity. Phase I reactions. Common environmental and occupational exposures. Personal exposures: tobacco use, alcohol abuse, therapeutic drugs, outdoor air pollution, industrial exposures, agricultural hazards, natural toxins. Radiation injury: ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation. Physical environment: mechanical force, thermal injuries (hyperthermia. Hypothermia). Electrical injuries. Decompression (caisson) disease.
Cellular Pathology:
• Cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death. Cellular responses to stress and noxious stimuli. Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Overview of cell injury and cell death: causes of cell injury. Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible cell injury. Morphology of cell injury and necrosis. Examples of cell injury and necrosis: ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, chemical injury. Apoptosis: causes of apoptosis, morphology, biochemical features of apoptosis, mechanisms of apoptosis, examples of apoptosis.
Inflammation:
• Acute inflammation: historical highlights, stimuli for acute inflammation; vascular changes (changes in vascular flow and caliber, vascular leakage); cellular events: leukocyte extravasation (leukocyte adhesion and transmigration) and phagocytosis. Adhesion molecules involved in the inflammatory response. Chemotaxis. Defects in leukocyte functions.
• Chemical mediators of inflammation: vasoactive amines, plasma proteins, arachidonic acid metabolites: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, platelet-activating factor (PAF), cytokines and chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal constituents of leukocytes, oxygen-derived free radicals, neuropeptides. Disorders of the complement system.
• Outcomes of acute inflammation. Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation.
• Chronic inflammation: causes of chronic inflammation, morphologic features, mononuclear cell infiltration, cells involved in chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation, lymphatics in inflammation.
• Systemic effects of inflammation, consequences of defective or excessive inflammation.
Tissue renewal and repair. Regeneration, healing, and fibrosis: Definitions. Control of normal cell proliferation and tissue growth. Mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions. Repair by healing. Scar formation and fibrosis. Cutaneous wound healing.
Overview of repair responses after injury and inflammation
Thermoregulation: Neurophysiology of thermoregulation. Body's thermoregulatory set-point. Pyrogens. Fever. Types of fevers.
Neoplasia:
• Definitions. Nomenclature of tumors. Classification and Biology of tumor growth: benign and malignant neoplasms. Differentiation and anaplasia, rates of growth.
• Epidemiology: cancer incidence, geographic and environmental factors, genetic predisposition to cancer, chronic inflammation and cancer, precancerous conditions.
• Molecular basis of cancer: essential alterations for malignant transformation, the normal cell cycle, self-sufficiency in growth signals: oncogenes. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Tumor suppressor genes. Retinoblastoma as a paradigm for the two-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis. Selected tumor suppressor genes involved in human neoplasms. p53: guardian of the genome. Evasion of apoptosis. DNA repair defects and genomic instability in cancer cells. Limitless replicative potential: telomerase. Development of sustained angiogenesis. Invasion and metastasis. Stromal microenvironment and carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of cancer-associated genes.
• Molecular basis of multistep carcinogenesis: gatekeeper and caretaker genes. Tumor progression and heterogeneity. Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interactions: chemical carcinogenesis, metabolic activation of carcinogens. Molecular targets of chemical carcinogens. Major chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis: ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation. Microbial carcinogenesis: oncogenic DNA viruses, oncogenic RNA viruses. Host defense against tumors: tumor immunity, tumor antigens, antitumor effector mechanisms. Immune surveillance. Effects of tumors on the host local and hormonal effects. Grading and staging of tumors.
• Pathophysiology of major systems. Circulation: edema, hemostasis, trombosis, hemorrhagia, atherosclerosis, emboli, infarct, shock. Hepato-biliary: liver functions and related diseases, jaundice, cholastasis, hepatites, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Metabolism: diabetes.

READING MATERIALS
The teachers will provide handouts. Students will study the topics of the course, using the following suggested textbook:
-Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, X edition, Elsevier 2017
-Rubin’s Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, VII edition, Woulter’s