Principles of Fractures. Upper limb fractures. Lower limb fractures. Pelvic and vertebral fractures.

Osteoarthritis

Shoulder Diseases (Capsuloligamentous Diseases, Osteoarthritis)
Hand and Foot Disorders

Hip Disorders (Capsuloligamentous Diseases, Osteoarthritis)

Knee Disorders (Capsuloligamentous Diseases, Osteoarthritis)

Ankle Disorders (Capsuloligamentous Diseases, Osteoarthritis)

Spinal Disorders

BoneTumors (Primary tumors and Metastases)

A.Mancini, C. Morlacchi , “Clinica Ortopedica” Manuale-Atlante; V Edizione A cura di F.Franceschi e F Mancini; Piccin editore

Mark D. Miller  Stephen R. Thompson Miller's Review of Orthopaedics 7th Edition

• Introduction to musculoskeletal pathology
• Bone injuries
• Muscle injuries
• Capsuloligamentous lesions
• Traumatic pathology
• Fractures
• Dislocations
• Distortion
• Shoulder pathology
• Knee pathology
• Hip pathology
• Foot pathology
• Pathology of the spine
• Pediatric pathology
• Elements of oncological pathology

Greene Walter. “Netter's Orthopaedics” Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, United States (2006). ISBN 10: 1929007027  ISBN 13: 9781929007028

◦ Epidemiology of cancer and prevention
◦ Prognostic and predictive risk factors
◦ Carcinogenesis, cancer growth and proliferation, cancer immune tolerance
◦ Assessment and investigations of patients with cancer, including history, physical examination, laboratory and imaging techniques. Performance Status Evaluation (Karnofsky and ECOG scores)
◦ Tumour staging
◦ Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST)
◦ Principles of therapy of oncological diseases and clinical effects of therapeutic approaches used: Surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic approach (neoajuvant, adjuvant, metastatic and palliatives approaches), target therapy and immune anti-cancer agents. Drug resistance
◦ Management of medical emergencies and complications resulting from cancer or its treatment.

Chmielowski B., Territo M.C. Manual of Clinical Oncology. Ed: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
ISBN 9781496349576

Main anatomical structures and pathophysiology Anatomy of the orofacial district and stomatognathic system with particular reference to
dental elements:
Eruption period
Deciduous and permanent elements
Eruption anomalies
Anomalies in shape, volume, number, structure, position, location
Retentions, disodontiasis, partial and total inclusions of the third molars
Dental traumatology
Tooth decay periodontopathies
Apical osteolytic lesions
Cranial facial growth from birth to adulthood

Main diagnostic and methodological tests or exposure to all areas subject to the diagnostic question, offering the dentist a complete view of the patient's anatomy.

Dental Panoramic Radiography
(Orthopanoramic, Orthopantomography or OPT) a diagnostic examination of the two complete dental arches and of the maxillofacial district.
The dental overview is needed to have a global view of the state of the teeth, of the mandibular and maxillary bone, of the joints and of the gingival tissues. It allows a quick overview of a patient's dental and oral status.
It is carried out using a specific X-ray apparatus (panoramic radiograph or orthopantomograph) which allows to impress a digital sensor placed mirror-like to the source that rotates around the patient's head.

Direct digital technique
During data acquisition the camera displays images in real time. The high resolution sensor and the advanced characteristics of the source of the rays allow to obtain images with high diagnostic value and with a dose of radiation to the patient 30-50% less than the traditional film technique. This exam allows to display all the areas in just one exposure, offering the dentist a complete view of the patient's anatomy.

Endoral or intraoral radiography is a diagnostic examination of some dental elements, used to specifically visualize the anatomy of the individual element (crown, tooth root, gum tissue) when a circumscribed pathology is suspected. It is performed using a specific X-ray device (intraoral) which allows to impress a small phosphor plate placed intraorally in correspondence with the element object of the diagnostic question. Being a targeted exam, it allows you to view and monitor the areas in question projected with an angle more suited to the single element.      

Bitewing intraoral radiography on film of about 3 x 4 cm., which allows to see some upper and lower teeth simultaneously. It allows early detection and diagnosis of hidden caries or gum problems. Periapical radiography intraoral radiography of the same size as the previous one, which allows a complete view of a tooth, from the crown to the apex of the root and the surrounding tissues. It allows the identification of abscesses, cysts, caries and is used "routinely" during endodontic treatment.
Teleradiography (in latero-lateral, anterior posterior and sub-vertex cranial projections)
Extra-oral radiography, which allows to see all the dental elements, the bones of the oral cavity, the skull and the face in the three projections, on a film about 18 x 24 cm in size. It is useful, above all, during orthodontic treatment.
 
Dental CBCT (Cone Bean Computed Tomography)
radiography that provides a three-dimensional image of bony and dental structures. It allows, among other things, to study the characteristics of bone tissue in relation to a dental implant intervention, the relationships of a tooth in bone inclusion with neighbouring nerve structures and adjacent elements.
 
Note: the radiographic images obtained require the organization of a computer database that allows them to be stored over time.

White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology 8th Edition

-Maxillofacial and stomatognatic apparatus anatomy
Mentions on the mail pathologies:
-Teeth anomalies (shape, volume, number, structure, position, seat)
-Dental thraumas
-Decays
- Periodontal diseases
-Apical periodontitis
-Cysts of maxillary bones
- Main odontogenic tumors, of the maxillary bones and of the salivary glands
-Jaws fractures
-TMJ disorders
- X-rays examinations utilized for diagnosis of the previus pathologies:
Periapical x-rays, orthopanoramic, Skull projections, Cone beam CT scan, Spiral TC scan, MRI

1. Oxford Handbook of oral and Maxilofaccial surgary.
Cascarini, Shilling, Gurney, Brennan. Oxford University Press 2018

2. Oxford Handbook of clinical dentistry.
Mitchell, Mitchell, Longridge, Clarke, Aftab. Oxford University Press 2019

3. Dental Radiography. Principles and tecniques.
Iannucci, Howerton. Elsevier 2016