Equipment in radiotherapy: introduction to the use of Linac
The course will cover the following topics: Definitions; Electromagnetic and body radiation and consequent radiobiological effect on neoplastic and normal tissues; Photon and electron beams of different energy and characteristics of surface and depth action; Definition of volumes in radiotherapy; Dose fractionation and treatment techniques; Toxicity; Examples of treatment in different organ pathologies.
Equipment in radiotherapy: introduction to the use of dedicated machines
The program of the course will address the following topics: explanation of the intrinsic problems of the different phases of the path of the journey of the oncological patient candidate for radiation treatment, focusing on those relating to treatment planning and delivery for both 3D and ultraconformed and volumetric techniques.
General principles of radiation oncology
The program will address the following topics: radiotherapy, therapeutic purposes and integrations.
Therapeutic program in the treatment planning phase
The program will address the following topics: Isotac and isocenter; Contouring and coregistration; Volumes according to ICRU 50 (treatment volume and irradiated volume); Principles of 3D planning and inverse planning (IMRT-VMAT); Acute tissues and late responders (toxicity); Organs in series and in parallel; DVH and Dose Constraints; Clinical evaluations of treatment plans.
Therapeutic program in the therapy phase
The program will address the following topics: Evolution of the IGRT concept; whole-fraction and intra-fraction variation control systems; Tracking systems; Adaptive concepts and application modes.
Special Techniques
The program will address the following topics: Interventional Radiotherapy, clinical techniques and indications; Definition of IMRT (Step&shoot / Sliding windows); Cranial and extracranial stereotaxia (SRT/SBRT); Respiratory Gating; Hybrid radiotherapy equipment with MRI.

Radiation Therapy Study Guide: A Radiation Therapist's Review by Amy Heath. Springer, 2016.

• Basic physics of nuclear medicine
• Types of scintigraphy
• Lung scintigraphy
• Lymphoscintigraphy
• Gastrointestinal bleeding scintigraphy
• Meckel scintigraphy
• Bone Scintigraphy in Mandibular Condylar Hyperplasia
• Ocreotide scintigraphy
• PET physics and instrumentation
• PET image reconstruction, processing and quantitation
• PET imaging artifacts and correction techinques
• Scientific and Clinical basis of PET applications

Linee guida AIMN: https://www.aimn.it/site/page/attivita/linee-guida
EANM Technologist Guide: https://www.eanm.org/publications/technologists-guide
Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Technology and Techniques – Paul E.Christian ; Kristen M. Waterstram-Rich

• Extra-vascular interventional Radiology
• CT- GUIDED procedures
• MR – GUIDED procedures
• Biopsies
• Urinary tract intervention
• Biliary tract intervention
• Liver oncological treatments
• Lung oncological treatments
• Kidney oncological treatments

Kandarpa – Interventional Radiology Manual Book

1. introduction to nuclear medicine / molecular imaging methodologies
2. organization and management of a Nuclear Medicine department (environments, equipment, roles and functions);
3. Nuclear Medicine Equipment (gamma camera, PET and SPECT)
4. Main applications in diagnostics and therapy (according to international protocols and guidelines)
5. Radiopharmaceuticals, quality controls, good preparation practices, waste disposal

Elenco dei testi e/o dei riferimenti bibliografici.

• Calabria F., Schillaci O. (Ed.) Radiopharmaceuticals: A Guide to PET/CT and PET/MRI, Milano, Springer, 2019
• Volterrani, D., Erba, P.A., Carrio, I., Strauss, H.W., Mariani, G., Nuclear Medicine Textbook, Milano, Spinger, 2019
• Assadi, Majid, Ahmadzadehfar, Hojjat, Biersack, Hans-Jürgen, Principles of Nuclear Medicine, Milano, Springer, 2018

and
• material written by the professor, referring to the lessons

• consultation of documents and free resources produced by the European scientific societies of radiology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy Guidelines & Recommendations or free content to download
• for example:
European Society of Radiology
https://www.myesr.org/publications/guidelines-and-recommendations,
European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)
https://www.eanm.org/publications/technologists-guide/

PARALLEL IMAGE
DIFFUSION
TRACTOGRAPHY
VASCULAR MRI WITH AND WITHOUT MDC
FUNCTIONAL MRI
PERFUSION IN MRI AND CT
CARDIO RM
CARDIO TC (Outline of the Cardio study in Nuclear Medicine)
VASCULAR STUDIES IN TC

External beam therapy, Peter Hoskin, Oxford

Linear accelerator, linear accelerator with cone-beam ct system, iort, brachitherapia, simulator, mobile laser, immobilization systems, cerebral stereotassic treatment, cerebral treatment, tumor treatment of the respiratory system, breast treatment, breast treatment, breast treatment treatment of the digestive apparatus, treatment of the prostate and urinary system, treatment of cutaneous injuries, metastase ratement, treatment planning system (tps), digital reformat reconstruction (drr) and with beam-ct, detection of target target and contour (gtv) ctv-ptv), fusion of images, 2d, conformational (3d) and imrt treatment, isodose curve, disomogenization and dosage surface (bolus)

External beam therapy, Peter Hoskin, Oxford
Material provided by the teacher.