LOCOMOTOR APARTMENT. (8 hours) axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, vertebrae, pelvic girdle. Appendicular skeleton: shoulder girdle, arm bones, forearm and hand, thigh bones, leg and foot. Joints: classification and movements. Temporo-mandibular, sternoclavicular, shoulder, intervertebral joints, elbow joint, radioulnar joints, wrist and hand. Joints of the hip, knee, ankle. Muscular skeletal system. Axial muscles: head, neck, extrinsic muscles of the eye, tongue, pharynx, main muscles associated with the spine, diaphragm, muscles of the perineum and urogenital diaphragm. Appendicular muscles: shoulder girdle and arm. Muscles of the thigh and major muscles of the lower leg.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. (8 hours) Heart, coronary circulation, thoracic aorta, abdominal and their main branches. Willis polygon. Main arteries of the lower limbs. Venous system: hollow veins and its major tributaries. Main veins of the upper limb, thorax, abdomen and lower limb. Portal circulation. Fetal circulation. General information on the lymphatic system.
SPLANCNOLOGY (12 hours) Microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive and endocrine tracts.
NEUROANATOMY (12 hours) Spinal cord: segments and internal organization: gray matter, ascending and descending tracts. Spinal nerves, nerve plexuses and reflex arches. Brain stem (Medulla oblongata, Pons, Mesencephalon): internal and external structure. Cranial nerves: nuclei of origin and innervation. Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus): internal and external structure. Thalamic nuclei. Telencephalon: internal and external structure. Anatomical and functional organization of the cerebral cortex. Allocortex. Basal ganglia. Cerebellum: internal and external structure. Ventricle system. Meninges. Blood circulation of the brain and dural sinuses. Sensory system: spinothalamic tract, fascicolus gracilis and cuneatus tracts, spinocerebellar tract. Conduction of pain. Visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory and limbic system. Motor system: pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. Motor nuclei. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Enteric nervous system.

• Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch: Human Anatomy,
• Tortora: Human Anatomy,
• Martini Nath: Anatomy & Physiology
• Gli studenti sono incoraggiati ad usare un Atlante di Anatomia Umana
• Students are encouraged to use an Human Anatomy Atlas

1. Radiographic anatomy of the head-neck region
2. Radiographic anatomy of the chest
3. Radiographic anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis
4. Radiographic anatomy of the limbs

1. Radiobiology for the radiologist / Eric J. Hall, Amato J. Giaccia.—7th ed.
2. Bontrager’s Handbook of Radiographic Positioning and Techniques 9th Edition by Lampignano John; Kendrick, Leslie E.

Preparation of tissues for histological analysis
Microscopy, preservation of biological structures, stainings.

Epithelial tissues
Classification of epithelia, polarity of epithelial cells, junctions, absorbent epithelia, glandular epithelia.

Connective tissues
Connective tissue proper: extracellular matrix and connective cells. The different types of connective tissue proper. Adipose tissue. Blood and hematopoietic tissues. Supportive connective: cartilage and bone.

Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle: structure of muscle fibers, contraction mechanism, diversity of muscle fibers. Cardiac muscle: structure of cardiomyocytes and myocardial conduction mechanism. The smooth muscle.

Nervous tissue
The neuron. Glial cells. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. General structure of the nerves.

“Bloom and Fawcett's Concise Histology”, Don W. Fawcett, Ronald P. Jensh, William Bloom – 2nd Edition - Hodder Arnold.

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY AND HOMEOSTASIS: Description of physiological mechanism. Structure-Function relationships of the body. Levels of organization in the body. Concept of Homeostasis. Homeostatic Control Systems.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY AND PLASMA MEMBRANE: Membrane transport of ions and molecules. Membrane potential and action potentials. Synapses and neuronal integration. Intercellular communication and signal transduction. Neurotransmitters.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY: Motor unit, neuromuscular junctions. Excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle contraction and mechanics. Physiology of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: Functional organization of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system: afferent and efferent divisions. Role of glia cells. Autonomic nervous system. Integrative functions of nervous system.
CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY: Anatomy and electrical activity of the heart. Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. Cardiac output and its control. General principles of hemodynamics. Blood vessels and blood pressure. Blood and hemostasis.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: General principles of endocrinology. Principles of general functioning of hormones. Central and peripheral endocrine glands and their hormones. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis. Control of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Physiology of male and female reproductive system.
PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Respiratory anatomy and mechanic. Gas exchange and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Control of respiration.
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM: Elements of renal function: kidney and nephron. Glomerular filtration. Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Urinary tract. Ureter, bladder and urethra. Urine excretion and plasma clearance.
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Digestive tract and accessory digestive organs. General aspects of digestion. Secretory function of digestive system. Motility of digestive tract. Nutrient digestion and absorption

Sherwood “Fondamenti di Fisiologia Umana”. Editore: Piccin.
Koeppen and Stanton “Berne & Levy Fisiologia”. Editore: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
Guyton and Hall “Fisiologia Medica”. Editore: Edra.