Aetiology and cellular pathology: health and disease concepts aetiology and pathogenesis. Environmental diseases: diseased caused by chemical or physical agents. Microbiologic agents and the patterns of disease caused by them.
and irreversible.
- Mechanism of cellular damage: free radical damage, hypoxia damage. Altered intracellular calcium homeostasis.
Reversible cell damage. Irreversible cell damage.
Cell adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia. Degeneration. Cellular aging.
Cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
- Inflammation
Definition and general characteristics. Acute inflammation or angiophlogosis. The vasculoematic phenomena of inflammation: hemodynamic modifications and exudate formation. Inflammatory mediators of tissue and plasma origin. Cellular response in inflammation: inflammation cells, chemotaxis and phagocytosis; histolesivity of inflammatory cell products. Outcomes of inflammation: chronicization, healing, abscess, fibrosis. Chronic inflammaton or histophlogosis. Causes of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation cells and mediators. Types of chronic inflammation.
- Concept of innate and acquired immunity.
- Molecular mechanisms of tumoral transformation: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The causes of cancer including chemicals and biological carcinogenesis; the phenotype of the transformed cell; tumor classification; epidemiology and prevention; the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression and metastatization. The relationship between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. Inflammation and cancer. Nutrition and cancer.
- Pathology of haemostasis and coagulation. The platelet, hemocoagulative and fibrinolytic phases. The main disorders of haemostasis and coagulation. The main defects of the plasma and fibrinolytic (hemophilia) phases.
- Molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, formation of atheromatous plaque and related consequences; thrombosis; embolism; infarction; hypoxia and cyanosis; oedema. Mechanism of diabetes, classification, and consequences. Concept of liver damage.
- Cardiovascular Physiopathology: Thrombosis, embolism. Infarction. Shock. Hypertension, atherosclerosis, red blood cells disorders, heart transplantation, etc.
- Concept of lung physiopathology: acute and chronic inflammations; bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer.

G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia e Fisiopatologia Generale - Per i corsi di Laurea in Professioni Sanitarie -Edizioni Piccin (4a Edizione, 2018).
Didactic and integrative material provided by the lecturer

- Aetiology and cellular pathology: health and disease concepts aetiology and pathogenesis. Environmental diseases: diseased caused by chemical or physical agents. Microbiologic agents and the patterns of disease caused by them.
and irreversible.
- Mechanism of cellular damage: free radical damage, hypoxia damage. Altered intracellular calcium homeostasis.
Reversible cell damage. Irreversible cell damage.
Cell adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia. Degeneration. Cellular aging.
Cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
- Inflammation
Definition and general characteristics. Acute inflammation or angiophlogosis. The vasculoematic phenomena of inflammation: hemodynamic modifications and exudate formation. Inflammatory mediators of tissue and plasma origin. Cellular response in inflammation: inflammation cells, chemotaxis and phagocytosis; histolesivity of inflammatory cell products. Outcomes of inflammation: chronicization, healing, abscess, fibrosis. Chronic inflammaton or histophlogosis. Causes of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation cells and mediators. Types of chronic inflammation.
- Concept of innate and acquired immunity.
- Molecular mechanisms of tumoral transformation: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The causes of cancer including chemicals and biological carcinogenesis; the phenotype of the transformed cell; tumor classification; epidemiology and prevention; the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression and metastatization. The relationship between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. Inflammation and cancer. Nutrition and cancer.
- Pathology of haemostasis and coagulation. The platelet, hemocoagulative and fibrinolytic phases. The main disorders of haemostasis and coagulation. The main defects of the plasma and fibrinolytic (hemophilia) phases.
- Molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, formation of atheromatous plaque and related consequences; thrombosis; embolism; infarction; hypoxia and cyanosis; oedema. Mechanism of diabetes, classification, and consequences. Concept of liver damage.
- Cardiovascular Physiopathology: Thrombosis, embolism. Infarction. Shock. Hypertension, atherosclerosis, red blood cells disorders, heart transplantation, etc.
- Concept of lung physiopathology: acute and chronic inflammations; bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer.

G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia e Fisiopatologia Generale - Per i corsi di Laurea in Professioni Sanitarie -Edizioni Piccin (4a Edizione, 2018).
Didactic and integrative material provided by the lecturer

- Aetiology and cellular pathology: health and disease concepts aetiology and pathogenesis. Environmental diseases: diseased caused by chemical or physical agents. Microbiologic agents and the patterns of disease caused by them.
and irreversible.
- Mechanism of cellular damage: free radical damage, hypoxia damage. Altered intracellular calcium homeostasis.
Reversible cell damage. Irreversible cell damage.
Cell adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia. Degeneration. Cellular aging.
Cell death: necrosis and apoptosis
- Inflammation
Definition and general characteristics. Acute inflammation or angiophlogosis. The vasculoematic phenomena of inflammation: hemodynamic modifications and exudate formation. Inflammatory mediators of tissue and plasma origin. Cellular response in inflammation: inflammation cells, chemotaxis and phagocytosis; histolesivity of inflammatory cell products. Outcomes of inflammation: chronicization, healing, abscess, fibrosis. Chronic inflammaton or histophlogosis. Causes of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation cells and mediators. Types of chronic inflammation.
- Concept of innate and acquired immunity.
- Molecular mechanisms of tumoral transformation: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The causes of cancer including chemicals and biological carcinogenesis; the phenotype of the transformed cell; tumor classification; epidemiology and prevention; the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression and metastatization. The relationship between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. Inflammation and cancer. Nutrition and cancer.
- Pathology of haemostasis and coagulation. The platelet, hemocoagulative and fibrinolytic phases. The main disorders of haemostasis and coagulation. The main defects of the plasma and fibrinolytic (hemophilia) phases.
- Molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, formation of atheromatous plaque and related consequences; thrombosis; embolism; infarction; hypoxia and cyanosis; oedema. Mechanism of diabetes, classification, and consequences. Concept of liver damage.
- Cardiovascular Physiopathology: Thrombosis, embolism. Infarction. Shock. Hypertension, atherosclerosis, red blood cells disorders, heart transplantation, etc.
- Concept of lung physiopathology: acute and chronic inflammations; bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer.

G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia e Fisiopatologia Generale - Per i corsi di Laurea in Professioni Sanitarie -Edizioni Piccin (4a Edizione, 2018).
Didactic and integrative material provided by the lecturer

How to use biomarkers; biomarkers in clinical practice.
HEMATOLOGY AND HEMOSTASIS IN PREGNANCY
Composition and functions of blood. Blood count and leukocyte formula. Red blood cells: physiology and pathology (anaemia, hemoglobinopathies); Platelets and leukocytes; Evaluation parameters of iron metabolism, ferritin, transferrin. Iron deficiency, vit B12 deficiency and folate deficiency. Blood groups, maternal-foetal incompatibility.
Haemostasis in pregnancy; evaluation of platelet function and of the fibrinolytic system; laboratory investigations for the definition of hypercoagulability states; diagnostic tests for poliabortivity.
Coombs test and RH group. Erythroblastosis fetalis.
KIDNEY FUNCTION:
Markers of kidney function: creatinine, creatinine clearance, azotaemia, uric acid, electrolytes, complete urine test (chemical-physical and morphological). Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of eclampsia.
LIVER FUNCTION
Transaminases, bilirubin, and others, LDH; laboratory tests for the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy.
GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM
Indicators of glucose metabolism: glucose, glucose tolerance curves; laboratory tests for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. Cholesterol, HDL triglycerides, LDL, apolipoproteins.

G.Federici – Medicina di laboratorio – Ed McGraw Hill – 4 Edizione
Didactic and integrative material provided by the lecturer

Characteristics of the main infection agents. Vital associations: commensalism, mutualism, parasitism. Associated microbial flora. Generalities on infection diseases: infectious ratio, infection and disease, endogenous infection, exogenous infections, opportunistic infections.
IMMUNOLOGY - Concept of innate immunity and acquired immunity. Role of the immune response in different infections. Survival of infection agents to immunity mechanisms. Principles of microbiological diagnostics.
BATTERIOLOGY - The bacterial cell: structure and essential functions. Gram negative and Gram positive. The bacterial spore. Cultivation of bacteria: growth and development of bacterial populations. Elements of bacterial genetics: mutations and mechanisms of genetic recombination. Principles of pathogenicity and virulence. Bacterial toxins: exotoxins and endotoxins. Mode of action of the main antibacterial drugs. Resistance to chemotherapy and antibiotics. Main bacteria responsible for human infection diseases, with particular reference to diseases of obstetrical-gynaecological and maternal-foetal district (gonorrhoea, syphilis, group B streptococci infection).
VIROLOGY -Nature, methods of study and classification of viruses. Composition and architecture of the viral particle. Cultivation of viruses. Virus-cell relationship: productive infection, transforming infection. Virus-to-host relationships: acute, persistent, latent, slow infections. Pathogenic mechanisms in viral infections. Vaccines and basis of antiviral chemotherapy. Infections with the main sexually transmitted and vertically transmitted viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2), rubella virus and Parvovirus B19.
MYCOLOGY -Habitat and morphology of fungi (yeasts, mycelial fungi). Fungal cell structure. Infections of the urogenital district by species of the genus Candida.
PARASITOLOGY - The protozoa cell: morphology and structure. Main characteristics of Helminths and Arthropods. Protozoa of gynaecological interest: Toxoplasma gondii; Trichomonas vaginalis.

Le basi della Microbiologia. Autori: Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe Bruce D. Fisher