The integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine is aimed at introducing the student to the logic and tools underlying the execution of the diagnostic tests of the Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Parasitology and Rheumatology. At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to apply diagnostic tests in the clinical practice, and to interpret and evaluate their results.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The learning outcomes expected from the integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine are consistent with the provisions from the Bologna Process and are found within the Dublin descriptors as follows:
​
Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology module, the student will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: the basic principles to interpret laboratory data; sources of pre-analytical and analytical variation; principles of quality control; diagnostic databases and reference values; methodologies for dosing common enzyme markers and their diagnostic value, and also their use as organ biomarkers; water and electrolytes homeostasis; methods and principles for electrolytes dosing in clinical samples; methods and principles for evaluating blood gases; the impact of the acid-base equilibria in the development of pathologies.
At the end of the Clinical Pathology module, the student must: have learned the logic of the clinical use of laboratory tests, the interpretation of their results and their integration into clinical reasoning; knowing how to frame the biological marker in the context of evidence-based medicine; know the methodologies used for counting/ identifying the blood cells and investigating the most common erythocyte, platelet and leukocyte pathologies; have a notion of the mechanisms underlying the haemostatic and fibrinolytic process, as well as the main laboratory investigations used to define the patient’s hemorrhagic or thrombotic risk; know the diagnostic tests useful for evaluating the immune response or the presence of an inflammatory state in the patient, and their main clinical indications; have knowledge of laboratory investigations relating to the most common acute or chronic liver diseases; know the most frequently used methodologies to assess kidney function and know how to interpret the results of the macroscopic, microscopic and chemical-physical examination of the urine sample; understand the results of diagnostic tests aimed at determining the level of glucose or the concentration of lipids in the blood, know the reasons behind their pathological changes, and knowing how to correlate the obtained data with the risk of vascular damage ; know the markers employed to highlight the presence of a tumor or monitor its stage of progression; have notions about the typing of blood cells, and the laboratory investigations preparatory to transfusions; being able to identify the conditions in which to apply therapeutic drug monitoring and understanding the results; know the characteristics and applications of laboratory investigations aimed at ascertaining the presence and nature of a voluptuous intoxication; being able to identify and apply laboratory tests useful for monitoring the health status of individuals who perform sporting activities at different levels, disclosing any health risk factors resulting from overexertion and/or trauma.
Upon completion of the module of Clinical Microbiology, students should be able to: 1) know the relevance of an appropriate diagnosis of infections; 2) appreciate the importance of using new and updated technologies for an adequate diagnosis; 3) know the major microorganisms cause of infections in different organs and apparatuses, and how to diagnose them.
At the end of the Clinical Parasitology module, the student will know the main parasites that can infect humans, as well as the techniques used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases and the correlation between pathogen, clinical course of the disease and treatment.
Upon completion of the module of Rheumatology, the students will be able to discuss the pathophysiology of the main rheumatic diseases, particularly autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of rheumatologic interest, and their distinctive clinical picture. They will be able to identify the indications for laboratory tests and interpret the results. The students will be able to use an appropriate language, access and evaluate medical information relevant to the topics objects of this course.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
the general objective of the integrated course of Laboratory Medicine is the critical learning of the method of dosing biomarkers which are present in human body fluids, as well as their use in the diagnosis of pathological conditions . At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to evaluate the results of a laboratory medicine test, critically using the reference value databases. Starting from the knowledge of the laboratory test and its result, the student will be abe to learn how to: determine the presence of a disease or the predisposition to it; confirm the diagnosis already hypothesized through other instrumental methods and/or clinical semeiotics; define the prognosis of the disease; choose the appropriate therapy and monitor its effects.

Communication skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to explain the laboratory analysis of the patient’s specimen by dividing its various phases into logical steps. Ultimately, the student will be able to correlate specific biomarkers with the presence, or with the risk of developing, a disease.

Making judgements:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to provide evaluations of the results obtained in a clinical laboratory, and understand the factors which influence laboratory tests.

Learning skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will acquire skills useful to deepen and expand their knowledge in the field of laboratory medicine, also through the consultation of scientific literature, databases, specialized websites.

The integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine is aimed at introducing the student to the logic and tools underlying the execution of the diagnostic tests of the Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Parasitology and Rheumatology. At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to apply diagnostic tests in the clinical practice, and to interpret and evaluate their results.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
The learning outcomes expected from the integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine are consistent with the provisions from the Bologna Process and are found within the Dublin descriptors as follows:

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology module, the student will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: the basic principles to interpret laboratory data; sources of pre-analytical and analytical variation; principles of quality control; diagnostic databases and reference values; methodologies for dosing common enzyme markers and their diagnostic value, and also their use as organ biomarkers; water and electrolytes homeostasis; methods and principles for electrolytes dosing in clinical samples; methods and principles for evaluating blood gases; the impact of the acid-base equilibria in the development of pathologies.
At the end of the Clinical Pathology module, the student must: have learned the logic of the clinical use of laboratory tests, the interpretation of their results and their integration into clinical reasoning; knowing how to frame the biological marker in the context of evidence-based medicine; know the methodologies used for counting/ identifying the blood cells and investigating the most common erythocyte, platelet and leukocyte pathologies; have a notion of the mechanisms underlying the haemostatic and fibrinolytic process, as well as the main laboratory investigations used to define the patient’s hemorrhagic or thrombotic risk; know the diagnostic tests useful for evaluating the immune response or the presence of an inflammatory state in the patient, and their main clinical indications; have knowledge of laboratory investigations relating to the most common acute or chronic liver diseases; know the most frequently used methodologies to assess kidney function and know how to interpret the results of the macroscopic, microscopic and chemical-physical examination of the urine sample; understand the results of diagnostic tests aimed at determining the level of glucose or the concentration of lipids in the blood, know the reasons behind their pathological changes, and knowing how to correlate the obtained data with the risk of vascular damage ; know the markers employed to highlight the presence of a tumor or monitor its stage of progression; have notions about the typing of blood cells, and the laboratory investigations preparatory to transfusions; being able to identify the conditions in which to apply therapeutic drug monitoring and understanding the results; know the characteristics and applications of laboratory investigations aimed at ascertaining the presence and nature of a voluptuous intoxication; being able to identify and apply laboratory tests useful for monitoring the health status of individuals who perform sporting activities at different levels, disclosing any health risk factors resulting from overexertion and/or trauma.
Upon completion of the module of Clinical Microbiology, students should be able to: 1) know the relevance of an appropriate diagnosis of infections; 2) appreciate the importance of using new and updated technologies for an adequate diagnosis; 3) know the major microorganisms cause of infections in different organs and apparatuses, and how to diagnose them.
At the end of the Clinical Parasitology module, the student will know the main parasites that can infect humans, as well as the techniques used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases and the correlation between pathogen, clinical course of the disease and treatment.
Upon completion of the module of Rheumatology, the students will be able to discuss the pathophysiology of the main rheumatic diseases, particularly autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of rheumatologic interest, and their distinctive clinical picture. They will be able to identify the indications for laboratory tests and interpret the results. The students will be able to use an appropriate language, access and evaluate medical information relevant to the topics objects of this course.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
the general objective of the integrated course of Laboratory Medicine is the critical learning of the method of dosing biomarkers which are present in human body fluids, as well as their use in the diagnosis of pathological conditions . At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to evaluate the results of a laboratory medicine test, critically using the reference value databases. Starting from the knowledge of the laboratory test and its result, the student will be abe to learn how to: determine the presence of a disease or the predisposition to it; confirm the diagnosis already hypothesized through other instrumental methods and/or clinical semeiotics; define the prognosis of the disease; choose the appropriate therapy and monitor its effects.

Communication skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to explain the laboratory analysis of the patient’s specimen by dividing its various phases into logical steps. Ultimately, the student will be able to correlate specific biomarkers with the presence, or with the risk of developing, a disease.

Making judgements:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to provide evaluations of the results obtained in a clinical laboratory, and understand the factors which influence laboratory tests.

Learning skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will acquire skills useful to deepen and expand their knowledge in the field of laboratory medicine, also through the consultation of scientific literature, databases, specialized websites.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
The integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine is aimed at introducing the student to the logic and tools underlying the execution of the diagnostic tests of the Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Parasitology and Rheumatology. At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to apply diagnostic tests in the clinical practice, and to interpret and evaluate their results.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
The learning outcomes expected from the integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine are consistent with the provisions from the Bologna Process and are found within the Dublin descriptors as follows:

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology module, the student will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: the basic principles to interpret laboratory data; sources of pre-analytical and analytical variation; principles of quality control; diagnostic databases and reference values; methodologies for dosing common enzyme markers and their diagnostic value, and also their use as organ biomarkers; water and electrolytes homeostasis; methods and principles for electrolytes dosing in clinical samples; methods and principles for evaluating blood gases; the impact of the acid-base equilibria in the development of pathologies.
At the end of the Clinical Pathology module, the student must: have learned the logic of the clinical use of laboratory tests, the interpretation of their results and their integration into clinical reasoning; knowing how to frame the biological marker in the context of evidence-based medicine; know the methodologies used for counting/ identifying the blood cells and investigating the most common erythocyte, platelet and leukocyte pathologies; have a notion of the mechanisms underlying the haemostatic and fibrinolytic process, as well as the main laboratory investigations used to define the patient’s hemorrhagic or thrombotic risk; know the diagnostic tests useful for evaluating the immune response or the presence of an inflammatory state in the patient, and their main clinical indications; have knowledge of laboratory investigations relating to the most common acute or chronic liver diseases; know the most frequently used methodologies to assess kidney function and know how to interpret the results of the macroscopic, microscopic and chemical-physical examination of the urine sample; understand the results of diagnostic tests aimed at determining the level of glucose or the concentration of lipids in the blood, know the reasons behind their pathological changes, and knowing how to correlate the obtained data with the risk of vascular damage ; know the markers employed to highlight the presence of a tumor or monitor its stage of progression; have notions about the typing of blood cells, and the laboratory investigations preparatory to transfusions; being able to identify the conditions in which to apply therapeutic drug monitoring and understanding the results; know the characteristics and applications of laboratory investigations aimed at ascertaining the presence and nature of a voluptuous intoxication; being able to identify and apply laboratory tests useful for monitoring the health status of individuals who perform sporting activities at different levels, disclosing any health risk factors resulting from overexertion and/or trauma.
Upon completion of the module of Clinical Microbiology, students should be able to: 1) know the relevance of an appropriate diagnosis of infections; 2) appreciate the importance of using new and updated technologies for an adequate diagnosis; 3) know the major microorganisms cause of infections in different organs and apparatuses, and how to diagnose them.
At the end of the Clinical Parasitology module, the student will know the main parasites that can infect humans, as well as the techniques used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases and the correlation between pathogen, clinical course of the disease and treatment.
Upon completion of the module of Rheumatology, the students will be able to discuss the pathophysiology of the main rheumatic diseases, particularly autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of rheumatologic interest, and their distinctive clinical picture. They will be able to identify the indications for laboratory tests and interpret the results. The students will be able to use an appropriate language, access and evaluate medical information relevant to the topics objects of this course.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
the general objective of the integrated course of Laboratory Medicine is the critical learning of the method of dosing biomarkers which are present in human body fluids, as well as their use in the diagnosis of pathological conditions . At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to evaluate the results of a laboratory medicine test, critically using the reference value databases. Starting from the knowledge of the laboratory test and its result, the student will be abe to learn how to: determine the presence of a disease or the predisposition to it; confirm the diagnosis already hypothesized through other instrumental methods and/or clinical semeiotics; define the prognosis of the disease; choose the appropriate therapy and monitor its effects.

Communication skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to explain the laboratory analysis of the patient’s specimen by dividing its various phases into logical steps. Ultimately, the student will be able to correlate specific biomarkers with the presence, or with the risk of developing, a disease.

Making judgements:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to provide evaluations of the results obtained in a clinical laboratory, and understand the factors which influence laboratory tests.

Learning skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will acquire skills useful to deepen and expand their knowledge in the field of laboratory medicine, also through the consultation of scientific literature, databases, specialized websites.

The integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine is aimed at introducing the student to the logic and tools underlying the execution of the diagnostic tests of the Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Parasitology and Rheumatology. At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to apply diagnostic tests in the clinical practice, and to interpret and evaluate their results.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The learning outcomes expected from the integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine are consistent with the provisions from the Bologna Process and are found within the Dublin descriptors as follows:

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology module, the student will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: the basic principles to interpret laboratory data; sources of pre-analytical and analytical variation; principles of quality control; diagnostic databases and reference values; methodologies for dosing common enzyme markers and their diagnostic value, and also their use as organ biomarkers; water and electrolytes homeostasis; methods and principles for electrolytes dosing in clinical samples; methods and principles for evaluating blood gases; the impact of the acid-base equilibria in the development of pathologies.
At the end of the Clinical Pathology module, the student must: have learned the logic of the clinical use of laboratory tests, the interpretation of their results and their integration into clinical reasoning; knowing how to frame the biological marker in the context of evidence-based medicine; know the methodologies used for counting/ identifying the blood cells and investigating the most common erythocyte, platelet and leukocyte pathologies; have a notion of the mechanisms underlying the haemostatic and fibrinolytic process, as well as the main laboratory investigations used to define the patient’s hemorrhagic or thrombotic risk; know the diagnostic tests useful for evaluating the immune response or the presence of an inflammatory state in the patient, and their main clinical indications; have knowledge of laboratory investigations relating to the most common acute or chronic liver diseases; know the most frequently used methodologies to assess kidney function and know how to interpret the results of the macroscopic, microscopic and chemical-physical examination of the urine sample; understand the results of diagnostic tests aimed at determining the level of glucose or the concentration of lipids in the blood, know the reasons behind their pathological changes, and knowing how to correlate the obtained data with the risk of vascular damage ; know the markers employed to highlight the presence of a tumor or monitor its stage of progression; have notions about the typing of blood cells, and the laboratory investigations preparatory to transfusions; being able to identify the conditions in which to apply therapeutic drug monitoring and understanding the results; know the characteristics and applications of laboratory investigations aimed at ascertaining the presence and nature of a voluptuous intoxication; being able to identify and apply laboratory tests useful for monitoring the health status of individuals who perform sporting activities at different levels, disclosing any health risk factors resulting from overexertion and/or trauma.
Upon completion of the module of Clinical Microbiology, students should be able to: 1) know the relevance of an appropriate diagnosis of infections; 2) appreciate the importance of using new and updated technologies for an adequate diagnosis; 3) know the major microorganisms cause of infections in different organs and apparatuses, and how to diagnose them.
At the end of the Clinical Parasitology module, the student will know the main parasites that can infect humans, as well as the techniques used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases and the correlation between pathogen, clinical course of the disease and treatment.
Upon completion of the module of Rheumatology, the students will be able to discuss the pathophysiology of the main rheumatic diseases, particularly autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of rheumatologic interest, and their distinctive clinical picture. They will be able to identify the indications for laboratory tests and interpret the results. The students will be able to use an appropriate language, access and evaluate medical information relevant to the topics objects of this course.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
the general objective of the integrated course of Laboratory Medicine is the critical learning of the method of dosing biomarkers which are present in human body fluids, as well as their use in the diagnosis of pathological conditions . At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to evaluate the results of a laboratory medicine test, critically using the reference value databases. Starting from the knowledge of the laboratory test and its result, the student will be abe to learn how to: determine the presence of a disease or the predisposition to it; confirm the diagnosis already hypothesized through other instrumental methods and/or clinical semeiotics; define the prognosis of the disease; choose the appropriate therapy and monitor its effects.

Communication skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to explain the laboratory analysis of the patient’s specimen by dividing its various phases into logical steps. Ultimately, the student will be able to correlate specific biomarkers with the presence, or with the risk of developing, a disease.

Making judgements:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to provide evaluations of the results obtained in a clinical laboratory, and understand the factors which influence laboratory tests.

Learning skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will acquire skills useful to deepen and expand their knowledge in the field of laboratory medicine, also through the consultation of scientific literature, databases, specialized websites.

The integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine is aimed at introducing the student to the logic and tools underlying the execution of the diagnostic tests of the Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology, Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Parasitology and Rheumatology. At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to apply diagnostic tests in the clinical practice, and to interpret and evaluate their results.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
The learning outcomes expected from the integrated teaching of Laboratory Medicine are consistent with the provisions from the Bologna Process and are found within the Dublin descriptors as follows:

Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology module, the student will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of: the basic principles to interpret laboratory data; sources of pre-analytical and analytical variation; principles of quality control; diagnostic databases and reference values; methodologies for dosing common enzyme markers and their diagnostic value, and also their use as organ biomarkers; water and electrolytes homeostasis; methods and principles for electrolytes dosing in clinical samples; methods and principles for evaluating blood gases; the impact of the acid-base equilibria in the development of pathologies.
At the end of the Clinical Pathology module, the student must: have learned the logic of the clinical use of laboratory tests, the interpretation of their results and their integration into clinical reasoning; knowing how to frame the biological marker in the context of evidence-based medicine; know the methodologies used for counting/ identifying the blood cells and investigating the most common erythocyte, platelet and leukocyte pathologies; have a notion of the mechanisms underlying the haemostatic and fibrinolytic process, as well as the main laboratory investigations used to define the patient’s hemorrhagic or thrombotic risk; know the diagnostic tests useful for evaluating the immune response or the presence of an inflammatory state in the patient, and their main clinical indications; have knowledge of laboratory investigations relating to the most common acute or chronic liver diseases; know the most frequently used methodologies to assess kidney function and know how to interpret the results of the macroscopic, microscopic and chemical-physical examination of the urine sample; understand the results of diagnostic tests aimed at determining the level of glucose or the concentration of lipids in the blood, know the reasons behind their pathological changes, and knowing how to correlate the obtained data with the risk of vascular damage ; know the markers employed to highlight the presence of a tumor or monitor its stage of progression; have notions about the typing of blood cells, and the laboratory investigations preparatory to transfusions; being able to identify the conditions in which to apply therapeutic drug monitoring and understanding the results; know the characteristics and applications of laboratory investigations aimed at ascertaining the presence and nature of a voluptuous intoxication; being able to identify and apply laboratory tests useful for monitoring the health status of individuals who perform sporting activities at different levels, disclosing any health risk factors resulting from overexertion and/or trauma.
Upon completion of the module of Clinical Microbiology, students should be able to: 1) know the relevance of an appropriate diagnosis of infections; 2) appreciate the importance of using new and updated technologies for an adequate diagnosis; 3) know the major microorganisms cause of infections in different organs and apparatuses, and how to diagnose them.
At the end of the Clinical Parasitology module, the student will know the main parasites that can infect humans, as well as the techniques used in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases and the correlation between pathogen, clinical course of the disease and treatment.
Upon completion of the module of Rheumatology, the students will be able to discuss the pathophysiology of the main rheumatic diseases, particularly autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of rheumatologic interest, and their distinctive clinical picture. They will be able to identify the indications for laboratory tests and interpret the results. The students will be able to use an appropriate language, access and evaluate medical information relevant to the topics objects of this course.

Applying knowledge and understanding:
the general objective of the integrated course of Laboratory Medicine is the critical learning of the method of dosing biomarkers which are present in human body fluids, as well as their use in the diagnosis of pathological conditions . At the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to evaluate the results of a laboratory medicine test, critically using the reference value databases. Starting from the knowledge of the laboratory test and its result, the student will be abe to learn how to: determine the presence of a disease or the predisposition to it; confirm the diagnosis already hypothesized through other instrumental methods and/or clinical semeiotics; define the prognosis of the disease; choose the appropriate therapy and monitor its effects.

Communication skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to explain the laboratory analysis of the patient’s specimen by dividing its various phases into logical steps. Ultimately, the student will be able to correlate specific biomarkers with the presence, or with the risk of developing, a disease.

Making judgements:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will be able to provide evaluations of the results obtained in a clinical laboratory, and understand the factors which influence laboratory tests.

Learning skills:
at the end of the integrated teaching, the student will acquire skills useful to deepen and expand their knowledge in the field of laboratory medicine, also through the consultation of scientific literature, databases, specialized websites.