ELEMENTS OF CYTOLOGY
-Structural-functional organization of the eukaryotic cell.
-Plasma membrane.
-Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
-Golgi apparatus and vesicle trafficking.
-Lysosomes and peroxisomes.
-Mitochondria.
-Cytoskeleton and centrioles.
-Nuclear membrane.
-Nuclear matrix.
-Chromatin. Nucleolus.

PRACTICE HISTOLOGY
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
-Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
-Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
- Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
- Transitional epithelium (ureter)
- Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
- Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue
(tendons).
- Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E).
- Blood smear.
- Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus.
- Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues.
- Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord.

- Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th edition.

EMBRYOLOGY
-Spermatogenesis.
-Hormonal control of spermatogenesis.
-Folliculogenesis and oogenesis.
-Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis.
-Ovarian and uterine cycles.
-Fertilization.
-First week of development and embryo implantation.
-Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk.
-Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm.
-The notochord and its role in embryo development.
-Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities.
-Placenta and extraembryonic membranes.
-Organogenesis. Development of face and buccal cavity

- Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th edition.

HISTOLOGY
-Introduction to tissues and their study.
-Embryonic and adult stem cells, reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells (iPS): concepts, definition and potential for tissue regeneration and repair.
-Cell differentiation and histogenesis of tissues.
-Epithelia: cell surface specializations and cell polarity. Lining epithelia. Glands (endocrine and exocrine).
-Connective tissues: general structure and function of connective tissue; extracellular matrix, fibers, ground substance and cells.
-Cartilage: types of cartilage; chondrogenesis and cartilage growth.
-Bone: bone structure and function. Osteogenesis; bone remodelling and homeostasis.
-Blood: plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets. Hemopoiesis.
-Immune system and lymphatic organs.
-Muscle tissues: structure and function of the skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
-Nervous tissue: neurons. Neuroglia. Nerve fibers. Synapses. Neuro-muscular junction.

PRACTICE HISTOLOGY
Through the use of the optic microscope students will have to identify histological specimens, describe their organization, and correlate structure with function, at cellular and tissue level. Histological specimens to be studied are:
-Simple boundary epithelium: squamous (mesothelium, endothelium), cuboidal (glandular ducts) and columnar (intestine) epithelia.
-Stratified boundary epithelium: squamous (esophagus) and keratinized squamous (epidermis) epithelia
-Pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
-Transitional epithelium (ureter)
-Glandular epithelium: intraepithelial, unicellular glands (the goblet cell); examples of exocrine (salivary glands) and endocrine (thyroid, parathyroids) glands; exo/endocrine gland: the pancreas.
-Connective tissue: loose connective tissue (trachea, intestine and esophagus); dense irregular connective tissue (the skin); dense regular connective tissue (tendons).
-Supportive connective tissues: tracheal cartilage and compact bone (ground and H&E)
-Blood smear
-Lympho-epithelial tissue of the thymus
-Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues
-Nerve tissue: section of the spinal cord

- Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th edition.

EMBRYOLOGY
-Spermatogenesis.
-Hormonal control of spermatogenesis.
-Folliculogenesis and oogenesis.
-Hormonal control of folliculogenesis and oogenesis.
-Ovarian & uterine cycles.
-Fertilization.
-First week of development and embryo implantation.
-Second week of development and the formation of embryonic disk.
-Third week of development and the formation of primitive layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm.
-The notochord and its role in embryo development.
-Fourth week of development and the embryonic folding and body cavities.
-Placenta and extraembryonic membranes.
-Organogenesis. Development of face and buccal cavity.

- Ross M.H. and W. Pawlina: Histology a text and atlas, sixth edition. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Bauer and Francis-West: Larsen's Human Embryology, 5th edition.